Age of Modernity, Age of Anxiety Philosophy, and Psychology Kagan, Ch 24

New Understanding of the Irrational Henri Bergson Reality is not quantifiable; it must be experienced directly and grasped intuitively Friedrich Nietzsche Reason is over-glorified; emotion, passions, & instincts are what drive us Christianity and social constructs = “slave morality” “God is dead” Concept of the “Superman,” emphasis on the “will”

The Gay Science – Nietzsche, 1882 God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it? – Nietzsche, The Gay Science, Section 125, tr. Walter Kaufmann

Beyond Good and Evil, 1886 Part One: On the Prejudices of Philosophers 3 After having looked long enough between the philosopher's lines and fingers, I say that the greater part of conscious thinking must be included among instinctive activities. We have to relearn here, that "being conscious" is not the opposite of being instinctive, and that even behind logic, there stands physiological demands for the preservation of life.

Symbolist Poetry The Panther – Rainer Maria Rilke - Translated by Robert Spielman His gaze, from the constantly passing bars, Has grown so weary that it can hold no more. To him it is as if there are a thousand bars, And beyond those thousand bars, no world. The gentle slink of his powerful, supple stride, Turning in on itself in ever-smaller circles, Is as a ritual dance of strength around a center In which a great will stands paralyzed. Occasionally the curtain of his pupils Will silently rise, admitting an image. Passing through the tense stillness of his limbs, It plunges into his heart and is no more.

Beyond Good and Evil, 1886 Part Two: The Free Spirit 26 Every superior human yearns for a secret citadel where he is set free from the crowd. Where he may forget "men who are the rule," and be their exception. Anyone who, in intercourse with men, does not occasionally glisten green and grey with disgust and sympathy, is certainly no man of elevated tastes.

Superego = inhibitions and moral values Id = unconscious drives, desire, pleasure principle Ego = reason Exploration of the unconscious Ego, Superego, Id Hypnosis & dream interpretation Pleasure principle vs. reality principle Oedipus and Electra Complexes Repression Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis

Carl Jung & Collective Unconscious Archetypes of the collective unconscious. From Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. 9, Part 1, 2nd ed., Princeton University Press, p. (p. 3-41). The concept of archetypes as the mode of expression of the collective unconscious is discussed. In addition to the purely personal unconscious hypothesized by Freud, a deeper unconscious level is felt to exist. This deeper level manifests itself in universal archaic images expressed in dreams, religious beliefs, myths, and fairytales. The archetypes, as unfiltered psychic experience, appear sometimes in their most primitive and naive forms (in dreams), sometimes in a considerably more complex form due to the operation of conscious elaboration (in myths). Archetypal images expressed in religious dogma in particular are thoroughly elaborated into formalized structures which, while by expressing the

unconscious in a circuitous manner, prevent direct confrontation with it. Since the Protestant Reformation rejected nearly all of the carefully constructed symbol structures, man has felt increasingly isolated and alone without his gods; at a loss to replenish his externalized symbols, he must turn to their source in the unconscious. The search into the unconscious involves confronting the shadow, man's hidden nature; the anima/animus, a hidden opposite gender in each individual; and beyond, the archetype of meaning. These are archetypes susceptible to personification; the archetypes of transformation, which express the process of individuation itself, are manifested in situations. As archetypes penetrate consciousness, they influence the perceived experience of normal and neurotic people; a too powerful archetype may totally possess the individual and cause psychosis. The therapeutic process takes the unconscious archetypes into account in two ways: they are made as fully conscious as possible, then synthesized with the conscious by recognition and acceptance. It is observed that since modern man has a highly developed ability to dissociate, simple recognition may not be followed by appropriate action; it is thus felt that moral judgment and counsel is often required in the course of treatment.