Reference Desk (800) ext Alvin Sherman APA Basics

Title page Document format Quoting and citing resources Grammar rules Reference list Agenda: Agenda

FSEHS Style Guidelines Format for FSEHS written assignments: Format for FSEHS dissertations Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th ed.) Checklist for APA Form and Style

Top third of page Title Middle third of page Name Course number and CRN Name of course Bottom third of page Name of institution Date Format for Title Page

What Students Need to Know About APA Student’s Name Course code and CRN: Title of course: Title: by Laura Lucio Ramirez CUR Educational Research for Practitioners Institution Month day, year Nova Southeastern University May 1, 2006 Example

Title: Info on Applied Dissertation Student’s Name Institution Year Title Page for Dissertation (Style Guide) Title Page for Dissertation (Style Guide)

Pagination Margins, fonts, line spacing Format of title and headings Numbers Parenthetical text citations Document Format

2 1 inch margins Exception: 1½ inch left margin for dissertation. NOTE: No running headers Document Format (2)

Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes, tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326 of the Publication Manual.) Issues to Consider Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles, short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized. Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers 2 Double spaced 12 pt font Times New Roman or Courier Indented Left justified No bolding No underlining No bullets APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments Document Format (3)

2 APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments Issues to Consider Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes, tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326 of the Publication Manual.) Issues to Consider Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles, short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized. Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers Document Format (4)

Headings (APA, p. 113) Use Level 1 Headings for the Title Level 3 – Flush Left, Italicized, Upper and Lower Case Side Heading

Copyright Paraphrased quotes Direct quotes Parenthetical citations Quotes and Parenthetical Citations

opinions, beliefs, ideas, and theories from any source any information obtained that is not common knowledge direct quotes of the words used verbatim summarized or paraphrased ideas Cite the following: Note: Re-submitting the identical paper for assignments in two different classes is considered plagiarism. If you want to refer to specific ideas presented in a previous paper you wrote, cite it! Cite the following:

When citing a specific part of a resource or using a direct quote, provide the page number: All of them were victims of “cyberterrorism” (Stonebraker, 2004, p. 237). Vest (2006) reported that "empirical research verified compliance" (p. 48). In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes (2005) found that the results should be “based on assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed and self-initiated learning” (pp ). See APA, pp When citing a specific part of a resource or using a direct quote, provide the page number

No page number is used in the parenthetical citation if paraphrasing: Freud's writing on the topic of dreams (as cited in Steinbrecker, Jones, & Acevedo, 1997) emphasized.... in a definition (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2001). A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found.... The Web site did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.). See APA manual, pp No page number is used in the parenthetical citation if paraphrasing

1.The theory (Smith, Brown, and Jones, 2002) or 2.The theory (Smith, Brown, & Jones, 2002)  1.Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002; Barnes, 2005) or 2.Two research studies (Quinlan, 2002, & Barnes, 2005)  1. MacDougall (2004, p. 34) stated that “the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented”. or 2.MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy Model needed to be implemented” (p. 34). or 3. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy Module need to be implemented.” (34)  Examples

“Instructors may or may not want to require an abstract for class assignments. The abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and should summarize the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2006, p. 34). Direct quote for less than 40 words: Block quote (more than 40 words): Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p. 342) Callahan (2001), however, says …. (NOTE: FSE uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.) Note where the periods go! Direct quote and Block quote examples

Paraphrase < 50% and include cite When President Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act into law, it was the country’s most comprehensive education reform of federal education policy in years. NCLB is the foundation for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen the system of education in the U.S. “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s education system” (Smith, 2004, p. 212).  Should be block quote When President Bush signed the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act into law, it was the country’s most comprehensive education reform of federal education policy in years. NCLB is the foundation for education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen the system of education in the U.S. No citation President Bush’s the No Child Let Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in January of The law provided the most sweeping education changes in the United States in decades and provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the national level for years to come (Smith, 2004). Parenthetical text citation 50% rule

Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) American Psychological Association (APA) Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) Fischler School of Education and Human Services (FSEHS) Nova Southeastern University (NSU) Abbreviations and Acronyms: Spell out first time Must use abbreviation thereafter Use sparingly See APA manual, pp Abbreviations and Acronyms

Use figures for numbers 10 and above: 343 students in 26 classes The numbers between one and nine should be spelled out: A total of six experiments went awry. Exceptions Numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison: 3 of 15 students The school needs 4 teachers and 11 staff people. Numbers representing time, dates, and age 3 months ago, April 8, 1 hr 10 min Numbers: See APA pp Numbers

Numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table Table 5, Session 3 page 2 Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements: eight items nine pages Use words for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading: Twenty-four percent complied, and 6% did not answer the question. Nineteen students improved. Numbers, cont. More exceptions: Numbers (2)

1.Ten students ate in the cafeteria. or students ate in the cafeteria. 1.The seventh grade went on a field trip. or 2. The 7th grade went on a field trip. 1.Students in Grades 4 and 5 took the test. or 2.Students in grades 4 and 5 took the test. or 3. Students in grades four and five took the test. 1.The 7th grade did better than the 10th grade. or 2.The seventh grade did better than the tenth grade. or 3. The seventh grade did better than the 10th grade.     Examples

Role playing High anxiety Seventh grade Role-playing technique High-anxiety situations Seventh-grade students but Type II error Post hoc comparisons Compound-Adjectives See APA manual, p. 91

1. These fourth graders need to study. or 2. These fourth-grade students need to study. or 3. These students in Grade 4 need to study. or 4. These 4th-grade students need to study more than the 10th-grade students. 1. The 11 th grade was busy. or 2. The 11th grade was busy. 1.The store closed three months ago. or 2. The store closed 3 months ago.       Examples

Between independent clauses: Jane went to school, but Dick stayed home. Series of three or more Jane, Dick, and Harry argued about money. Nonessential or nonrestictive clauses Direct TV, which is available in south Florida, offers some nice features. Commas Use commas: But: Not to separate a compound predicate Jane baked a cake and worked on her homework.

1.The cat ran, but the dog sat down. or 2. The cat ran but the dog sat down. 1.Methods, theories, and logic all need to be examined. or 2. Methods, theories and logic all need to be examined. 1.The literature review evaluates and synthesizes resources. or 2. The literature review evaluates, and synthesizes resources. 1.Empirical studies, also called hard evidence, are important. or 2. Empirical studies also called hard evidence are important.     Examples

Periods at the end of a sentence: Students’ scores improved. The study demonstrated that … Colons: For example, the colon should… In citations – Brown, J. D. (2003). The … Only One Space after Punctuation NOTE: Use the find and replace feature in Word to change two spaces to one space.

Electronic Media Spelling Guide – e-journal – – Internet – online – PDF – URL – Web APA Web Site:

1.The students went on the Internet and searched the Web. or 2.The students went on the internet and searched the web. or 3.The students went on the Internet and searched the web. or 4. The students went on the internet and searched the Web. 1.Go online and send an message to the instructor. or 2.Go on-line and send an message to the instructor. or 3.Go online and send an message to the instructor. or 4. Go on-line and send an message to the instructor.   Examples

What about using citation software? Ahah! What about using citation software? References Citation format?

Example: CitationMachine

Example: RefWorks

Penny M Beile, David N Boote, Elizabeth Killingsworth. (2004). A microscope or a mirror?: A question of study validity regarding the use of dissertation citation anlysis for evaluating research collections. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30(5), Retrieved, from Research Library database. (Document ID: ). Example: ProQuest

EndNote

Beile, P. M., Boote, D. N., & Killingsworth, E. K. (2003, April). Characteristics of education doctoral dissertation references: An inter-institutional analysis of review of literature citations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC No. ED478598) Retrieved February 1, 2006, from ERIC database. Example: EndNote

No Short Cut for Learning the APA Rules

References Page entitled References Hanging indentations Single space in citations Double space between citations Use italics, do not underline Alphabetical order by author Then by date Then by article title 32 Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a longitudinal study. Portal, 3, Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from Expanded Academic Index database. Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation. Denver, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students. In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp ). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ: Information Today. O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J. Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag. Format for References

References Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a longitudinal study. Portal, 3, Retrieved March 20, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved July 10, 2004, from Expanded Academic Index database. Kushkowski, J. D., & Smith, D. (1982). Library research skills for your dissertation. Denver, CO: Libraries Unlimited. Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students. In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp ). Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. Medford, NJ: Information Today. O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J. Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag. Page entitled References Hanging indentations Single space in citations Double space between citations Use italics, do not underline Alphabetical order, Then by date Retrieval statements 32 Format for References (2)

Go to Format. Select Paragraph. In Indents and Spacing Go to the Special section. Select Hanging. Using Microsoft Word’s formatting for hanging indentations

How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Author(s) See APA manual, p. 279, #91 Initials, not first names Ampersand (&), not the word and Comma before the ampersand. Space between initials Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online - Author

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Year of publication See APA manual, p. 279, #91 Enclosed in parentheses Period after the parentheses No month or day if the publication is a journal, not a magazine, newsletter, or newspaper article. Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online – Year of publication

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Article title See APA manual, p. 279, #91 Only first word in title and subtitle should be be capitalized as well as any proper names. A period at the end of the title. Only one space after the period, not two. Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online – Article title

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Journal title See APA manual, p. 279, #91 Journal title should have all important words capitalized. It is italicized The journal title is followed by a comma Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online – Journal title

Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Volume, issue, and page number(s) See APA manual, p. 279, #91 The volume number is italicized There should be no space between the volume number and issue number Enclose issue number in parentheses and follow by a comma Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles. Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online – Volume, issue, and page number(s)

Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. D. (2000). It’s not about time: A fresh approach to educational equivalency. Technology Trends, 24(3), Retrieved June 1, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online Retrieval statement Spell out the complete word for month in the retrieval statement Include a comma after the year Include the word “database” after the proper name of the database. Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online – Retrieval statement

Articles Retrieved Online Are Not Always Identical Most online articles have been slightly modified or include additional data.

Education Full Text -- HTML Expanded Academic ASAP – text + graphics Examples: HTML and Text+graphics

Education Full Text -- PDFExpanded Academic ASAP -- PDF Examples: PDF

Exact duplicate (APA manual, p. 271) : VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, Document that has changes (format differs from print version) (APA manual, p. 272) VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, Retrieved April 13, 2006, from Documents retrieved from an aggregated database: VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, Retrieved April 13, 2006, from Education Full Text database. Internet articles based on a print source

Citations of journal articles – Include issue number if the pagination of journal is by issue number. –Do not include issue number if the pagination of the journal is continuous throughout the volume. Journal Citations APA manual p. 240 # 1 and 2 Journal of Reading Volume

VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, VandenBos, G. (2001). Role of the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5(4), Continuous pagination is through volume: Pagination starts with page 1 in each issue: Journal Citations - Pagination

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Corporate author See APA manual, p. 248 Period after the corporate author Corporate author

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Year of publication See APA manual, p. 248 Year of publication

See APA manual, p. 248 American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Book title Only the first word in the book title and subtitle should be capitalized as well as any proper names. Use (5th ed.), not (5 th ed.) and do not italicize Period goes after the edition number and page numbers, if any Book title

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Place and publisher Use DC, not D.C. Use Author if the name of the publisher is the same as the author Place and publisher

Use state abbreviations: FL, TX, NY, CA, DC Cities that do not include state abbreviation: –Baltimore –Boston –Chicago –Los Angeles –New York –Philadelphia –San Francisco Leave off superfluous terms: –Publishers –Co. or Company –Inc. Retain the words: –Books –Press Location and Publisher Info For example: Erlbaum, John Wiley, University of Toronto Press, Penguin Books

Citing a Web Site: Citing a Web Site

Citing a Web Site: Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: Corporate author See APA manual, p. 274 Citing a Web Site – Corporate author

Citing a Web Site: Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: Year of publication See APA manual, p. 274 Citing a Web Site – Year of publication

Citing a Web Site: Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: Web title See APA manual, p. 274 Web title is italicized. Citing a Web Site – Web title

Association of College and Research Libraries. (2003). Information literacy competency standards for higher education. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from the American Library Association Web site: Citing a Web Site: Retrieval statement No period after the URL Citing a Web Site – Retrieval statement

DISCLAIMER: For class assignments, your instructor has the final word on APA formatting. NSU

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