Advanced English 《 高 级 英 语 》 （第三版） 第二册 主编：张汉熙 外语教学与研究出版社

Lesson 5 The Sad Young Men by Rod W. Horton and Herbert W. Edwards

Teaching Points I. Warming up questions II. Background knowledge III. Language points IV. Text Analysis V. Rhetorical devices VI. Writing

The Author Rod W.Horton (1910 -) He was born in White Plains N.Y. He taught in New York University, N.Y., as an instructor ( ), assistant professor ( ), associate professor of general literature ( ). He worked for United States Information Service, in Brazil and Portugal as cultural affairs officer ( ). He was a professor of English at Temple Buell College (formerly Colorado Women’s College), Denver, Colorado from 1964 and visiting professor at University of Brazil ( ), University of Coimbra ( ).

Publications include ——Backgrounds of American Literary Thought (1952) (with Herbert W. Edwards) ——Backgrounds of European Literature (1954)(with Vincent F. Hopper)

Greenwich Village Greenwich Village, often referred to in New York as simply "the Village", is a largely residential neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan in New York City. A large majority of the district is home to upper middle class families. Greenwich Village, however, was known in the late 19th to mid 20th centuries as an artists' haven, the bohemian capital, and the East Coast birthplace of the Beat movement. What provided the initial attractive character of the community eventually contributed to its gentrification and commercialization. The name of the village is Anglicized from the Dutch name Greenwijck, meaning "Pine District", into Greenwich, a borough of London.

Location The neighborhood is bordered by Broadway to the east, the Hudson River to the west, Houston Street to the south, and 14th Street to the north, and roughly centered around Washington Square and New York University. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo to the south, and Chelsea to the north. The East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and never associated with Greenwich Village. The West Village is the area of Greenwich Village west of 7th Avenue, though realtors claim the dividing line is farther east at 6th Avenue. The Far West Village is a sub- neighborhood from the Hudson River to Hudson Street. The neighborhood is located in New York's 8th congressional district, New York's 25th State Senate district, New York's 66th State Assembly district, and New York City Council's 3rd district.

Greenwich Village

MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village

The intersection of West 4th and West 12th Streets

Gertrude Stein

Gertrude Stein with Ernest Hemingway's son, Jack Hemingway in Stein is credited with bringing the term "Lost Generation" into useErnest HemingwayJack Hemingway

Gertrude Stein Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American writer, poet, and art collector who spent most of her life in France

During the 1920s, her salon at 27 Rue de Fleurus, with walls covered by avant-garde paintings, attracted many of the great writers of the time, including Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Thornton Wilder, and Sherwood Anderson. While she has been credited with inventing the term "Lost Generation" for some of these expatriate American writers, at least three versions of the story that led to the phrase are on record, two by Ernest Hemingway and one by Gertrude Stein. During the 1920s, she became friends with writer Mina Loy, and the two would remain lifelong friends.

Extremely charming, eloquent, and cheerful, she had many friends and promoted herself often. Her judgments of literature and art were influential. She was Ernest Hemingway's mentor, and upon the birth of his son he asked her to be the godmother of his child. During the summer of 1931, Stein advised the young composer and writer Paul Bowles to go to Tangier( a city in northern Morocco), where she and Alice had vacationed.

1920 ’ s It is sometimes referred to as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age, when speaking about the United States, Canada, or the United Kingdom. In Europe the decade is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Twenties" because of the economic boom following World War I.Roaring TwentiesJazz AgeUnited StatesGolden TwentiesWorld War I

Since the end of the 20th century, the economic strength during the 1920s has drawn close comparison with the 1950s and 1990s, especially in the United States of America. These three decades are regarded as periods of economic prosperity, which lasted throughout nearly each entire decade. Each of the three decades followed a tremendous event that occurred in the previous decade (World War I and Spanish flu in the 1910s, World War II in the 1940s, and the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s).

The 1920s: United States Prohibition of alcohol occurs in the United States. Prohibition in the United States began January 16, 1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, effective as of January 17, 1920, and it continued throughout the 1920s. Prohibition was finally repealed in Organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit.

The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration. National quotas curbed most Eastern and Southern European nationalities, further enforced the ban on immigration of East Asians, Indians and Africans, and put mild regulations on nationalities from the Western Hemisphere (Latin Americans).

The Lost Generation (which characterized disillusionment), was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. Famous members of the Lost Generation include Cole Porter, Gerald Murphy, Patrick Henry Bruce, Waldo Peirce, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zelda Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, John Dos Passos, and Sherwood Anderson.

Growth and general acceptance of the Ku Klux Klan in America. The Scopes Trial (1925), which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, creating tension between the competing theories of creationism and evolution. The major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth.

Crowd gathering after the Wall Street Crash of 1929

Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol

New York's 21 Club was a Prohibition-era speakeasy

The Mayflower Club was considered the swankiest speakeasy in Washington, DC. It offered liquor and gambling.

Ford Model-T

The Victorian Era and Polite Society 1. Queen Victoria ( ) 2. 19th-century ideals: Devoted family life Earnestness Public and private respectability Obedience to the law 3. The epithet Victorian was later applied to any person or time with the characteristics of decency and morality

Some terms: --The Sad Young Men --The Lost Generation --The Beat Generation --The Angry Young Men

Some literary figures: --Gertrude Stein --E. Hemingway --F. Scott Fitzgerald

Language points 1.No aspect of life in the Twenties … Younger Generation. (Para. 1) The Revolt of the Younger Generation in the 1920s has often been commented upon and has been treated very romantically and sensationally. After World War I, during the 1920s, every aspect of life in the United States was commented upon, but the so- called Revolt of the Younger Generation has been more commented upon than all the other aspects.

2. … memories of the deliciously illicit … country road… (Para. 1) 1) speakeasy: (Americanism) A place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally, esp, such a place in the US during Prohibition (the period 1920 – 1933) 2)Puritan morality: extreme or excessive strictness in matters of morals. Strict Puritans even regarded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.

3. … questions about the naughty, jazzy parties … drugstore cowboy. (Para. 1) 1) flask-toting --- adj. Always carrying a small flask filled with whisky or other strong liquor. 2) sheik (Americanism) --- a masterful man to whom women are supposed to be irresistibly attracted 3) flapper (Americanism) --- a young woman considered bold and unconventional in actions and dress. 4) drugstore cowboy (Americanism) --- A cowboy in a western movie who loafs in front of drugstores

4. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent.. Social structure … (Para. 3) A simile, the war being compared to a catalytic agent. The war only helped to sped up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure. agent: an active force or substance producing an effect

5. … an escape made possible by a general prosperity … responsibilities. (Para. 4) The young people could do all these things in their attempt to escape their responsibilities because after the World War I there was general prosperity in the United States and people were tired of politics, economic restrictions and international responsibilities.

6. … the crash of the world economic structure … to sober up… (Para. 4) A metaphor, comparing the wild, riotous living of the escapists to a party and the escapists to drunken revelers. The Great Economic Depression which started in the United States in 1929 brought the young escapists back to their senses and stopped the wild, riotous lives they were living.

7. The strife of 1861 – 1865 had … San Juan Hill. (Para. 5) The American Civil War of 1861 – 1865 was always portrayed in the movies and in stories as a highly sentimental drama (nostalgic to people from the southern states) and the war with Spain in 1898 always ended in a scene in a movie showing the one-sided victory at Manila or the Americans charging up San Juan Hill. Soap opera --- a daytime radio r television serial drama of a highly melodramatic, sentimental nature. It has been so call since many original sponsors were soap companies.

8. Greenwich Village set the pattern. (Para. 7) Metonymy. The writers and artists living in Greenwich Village set the example which other young intellectuals throughout the country followed.

9. After the war, it was only natural that … to the artistic center… (Para. 7) Metonymy, “pens” standing for their writing and “Babbittry” for qualities once displayed by George Babbitt in Lewis’ novel Babbitt. It was only natural that hopeful young writers, whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional center.

Sinclair Lewis Carol and Will Will convinces her to live in his home-town of Gopher Prairie Carol is appalled at the backwardness of Gopher Prairie (physical ugliness and smug conservatism)

Babbitt George Babbitt, the title character A smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indifferent to cultural values 市侩气的

10. … to add their own little matchsticks… “flaming youth”… (Para. 8) A metaphor, the revolt of the young compared to a conflagration. Many other young people began to intensify and spread this revolt of the young by their won misdeeds. own little matchsticks: a metaphor, misdeeds compared to matchsticks. They helped to intensify the flame of revolt.

11. An important book rather grandiosely entitled… with America. (Para. 9) A metaphor, comparing the book to a rallying point. The critical articles written by sensitive people (young intellectuals) disgusted with American were to be found in the book.

12. It was in their defiant, but generally short-lived … “lost generation”. (Para. 10) It was in their defiant but generally brief expatriation in Europe that our leading writers of the Twenties learned to think of themselves as the “lost generation,” a term Gertrude Stain coined for this generation. Leaving their country and living in Europe was an open defiance against the American reality described in the previous paragraph. But for most these young writers, the expatriation was short-lived. Nevertheless, the experience was important to them for they began to see themselves as the “lost generation.”

The Sun Also Rises concerns a group of psychologically bruised, disillusioned expatriates living in post-war Paris They take psychic refuge in eating, drinking, traveling, brawling and lovemaking

“lost generation”: The “Lost Generation” (usually capitalized) is a term used to refer to the generation that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was them his mentor and patron. The word lost means bewildered, unable to find the way.

13. … who tried to find their souls in the Antibes and on the Left Bank … (Para. 10) Antibes: a seaside resort on the French Riviera favored by writers and artist

Left Bank the southern bank of the river Seine （塞纳河） in Paris generally refers to the Paris of an earlier era; the Paris of artists, writers and philosophers implies a sense of bohemianism and creativity.

14. … and in so doing gave the nation … literary experience. (Para. 11) In the process of doing the above thing, these young intellectuals produced the liveliest, freshest and most stimulating literary works that America had so far ever seen.

Text analysis 1. The theme: “ The intellectuals of the twenties, the ‘sad young men,’ cursed their luck but didn’t die; escaped but voluntarily returned; flayed the Babbitts but loved their country, and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating writing in literary experience.”

2. Type of literature: a piece of expositive writing 3. The structural organization of this essay: --- Part. 1: Para. 1introducing the subject --- Part. 2: Para. 2-9 supporting and developing the thesis --- Part 3: Para bringing the discussion to an end

Supports: -- The rejection of Victorian gentility was (3) -- The rebellion started with World War I (5) -- Greenwich Village set the pattern (7) -- Meanwhile the true intellectuals were far (9)

Some words and expressions Romanticize vt. 使浪漫化, 使传奇化 romantic movement Romantically adv. 浪漫地 Romanticism n. 浪漫精神, 浪漫主义 Romanticist n. 浪漫主义者 Romanza n. 浪漫曲, 叙事短诗, 抒情短诗

Some words and expressions jingoism n. 主战论, 武力外交政策, 沙文主义, 侵略主义 jingoist n. 沙文主义者, 侵略主义者 jingo n. 沙文主义者

Some words and expressions Babbittry n. 市侩作风 Philistine [5filistain] n.( 中东古国 ) 腓力斯人, 仇敌, 俗气的人 adj. 俗气的, 无教养的

Words and expressions boobery n. 愚人之统称, 愚笨 booby n. 呆子, 傻瓜

Effective Writing Skills 1. Effective use of topic sentences 2. Developing a new but related aspect of the thought stated in the thesis in each paragraph or paragraph unit.

Rhetorical Devices 1. metaphor 2. personification 3. metonymy 4. transferred epithet

Questions for discussion 1. How did World War I affect the younger generation? 2. Why did young intellectuals of this period emigrate to Europe? 3. Why were these writers called the “lost generation”? Were they really lost?

Questions for discussion: 4. How does the writer develop his central thought? Does he support his opinions with convincing facts and details? 5. Do you agree with the conclusion of the writer? Give your reasons.