Bellwork: 10/19/2011 Collect the following data: Temperature Salt Water Tanks Only: DO- Phosphate Turbidity- Salinity Nitrate- Calcium Nitrite- Water Hardness Ammonia pH Make sure to clean out any excess food from your filter and gravel/sand. Scrub off the inside of the glass & clean the outside with Windex once you are finished.

If you are not helping with the water chemistry, you must be working on the following: Groups of 2 or less! 1.You are a doctor in a rural area. A mother brings her 3-month old son in who is having trouble breathing & vomiting throughout the day. Once you have completed a physical examination you discover that the infant has blue discoloration inside his mouth, as well as blueness on his hands & feet. The mother tells you that they get their drinking water from a local well. a)What is the name of this condition? b)Describe the pathway from consumption of a contaminant to the expression of illness. c)What is the likely source of the contamination? d)What can be done to immediately treat the child? e)What can be done within the home to prevent further exposure to contaminants? f)What can be done locally to prevent this exposure from affecting others?

Non-living Contaminant Review 1. What are cyanotoxins? How are they produced? How could this be prevented?

Non-living Contaminant Review 2. What type of soils are most vulnerable to high levels of TDS? Why?

Non-living Contaminant Review 3. When considering thermal pollution, what are its effects on DO & bacterial growth? How can this be avoided?

Non-living Contaminant Review 4. List 3 sources of nitrates in bodies of water:

Non-living Contaminant Review 5. What are DBPs? Where do they come from? What are their possible effects on human health? Why do we use them?

Bellwork – 10/15/ % of the planet's water is fresh water. What & what percent make up this small amount? 2. List the reactions from the carbonate buffering system from most basic to most acidic.

Microbial Contaminants in water

Types of waterborne pathogens Viruses Bacteria Protozoa Helminths

Viruses Smallest (0.02 – 0.3 µ m) Simplest –Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) –Protein capsid

Bacteria Size: 0.5 –2.0 µ m Simple internal organization Envelope: cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, and capsule Appendages: flagella and/or pili Spores: environmentally resistant form

Protozoa Size: 2 – 200 µ m Complex internal organization (nucleus, mitochondria, etc) Very complex life cycle (inside and outside of their hosts) Flagellates, ameba, ciliates, and sporozoans (Oo)cysts: environmentally resistant form

Helminths Multicellualr animals Size: up to 30 cm Highly differentiated structures Very complex life cycle (inside and outside of their hosts) Nematodes, Trematodes, and Cestodes Eggs: environmentally resistant form

Transmission of enteric pathogens

Bacteria

Escherichia coli Elongated and straight rod Size: µm ~8,000 serotypes Acute bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps with little or no fever 3-5% fatality.

Escherichia coli: Epidemiology Involved in 11 drinking water outbreaks with 529 cases and 15 recreational water outbreaks with 387 cases in USA ( ) Incidence –730,000 (estimated) cases (USA) –210 million cases and 300,000 deaths worldwide –All pathogenic E. coli: 1.5 billion (estimated) case and 3 million death worldwide Reservoirs: humans and animals ( cattle, goats, sheep, deer, ….) Incubation period: typically 1-3 days Duration of illness: 2-12 days Mode of transmission: Direct (person-to-person) and indirect (fomites, water, and food)

Salmonella spp. Elongated and straight rod >2,000 serotypes Diarrhea, fever, headache, constipation, malaise, chills, and myalgia 12% - 30% mortality

Salmonella spp. : Epidemiology Involved in 12 drinking water outbreaks with 2,370 cases in USA ( ) Incidence –An estimated1.4 million cases with 500 death in USA –An estimated 21 million cases of typhoid fever and 200,000 deaths occur worldwide. Reservoirs: humans and animals (cattle, chicken, turkey…) Incubation period: typically 1-3 days Duration of illness: 2-7 days Mode of transmission: Direct (person-to-person) and indirect (fomites, water, and food)

Vibrio cholerae Straight or curved rod Motile with flagella µ m in width and µ m in length Profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, circulatory collapse and shock % of typical cases are fatal if untreated

Vibrio spp. : Epidemiology Involved in 2 drinking water outbreaks with 28 cases in the USA ( ) Incidence –0-5 cases per year in the United States. –A major cause of epidemic diarrhea throughout the developing world. –Ongoing global pandemic in Asia, Africa and Latin America for the last four decades. Reservoirs: humans, environmental reservoirs - may be associated with copepods or other zooplankton Incubation period: a few hours to 5 days; usually 2-3 days Duration of illness: several days Mode of transmission: Indirect (water and food)

Protozoan Pathogens

Protozoa Size –Usually µm smallest: 1-10 µm, largest: µm (Balantidium coli) Many organells –Nucleus (or nuclei) –Cytosome (cell mouth), food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles (osmoregulation), Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes,… –Locomotive structures: ameoba, flagella, cilia Cell cycle and reproduction –Asexual (binary fission) and sexual (various life stages)

Prokaryotic Cell (left) and Eukaryotic Cell (right)

Mode of transportation

Giardia lamblia: Epidemiology Involved in 126 drinking water outbreaks with 28,426 cases and 16 recreational water outbreaks with 684 cases in USA ( ) 500,000 estimated cases (200 millions?) worldwide Reservoir: Human and animals (dogs, beaver, muskrat, elk, deer, voles, mice, horses, sheep, …) Duration of illness: 1-3 weeks Transmission: Fomites, waterborne, foodborne High risk groups: children (in day-care centers), immunosuppressed people, and institutioned populations

Cryptosporidium parvum Coccidia Oocyst –4 - 6  m –4 sporozoites –Thick oocyst wall Sporozoite –No locomotive structure Immunocompetent people: similar to giardiasis Immunocompromised people: life-threating Fluid loss: 2-6liter/day (17 liters/day) Extra-intestinal infection: respiratory cryptosporidiosis (intestitial pneumonia)

Cryptosporidium parvum : Epidemiology Involved in 15 drinking water outbreaks with 421,473 cases and 40 recreational water outbreaks with 11,707 cases in USA( ) Incidence – 1 – 3 % prevalence in USA –5 % (Asia) and 10 % (Africa) prevalence Reservoir: Human and animals (calves, lambs, goats,horses, pigs, deer, squirrel, beaver, muskrat,woodchuck,rabbit, dogs, fox, cat, skunk, raccon, bear, …) Infectious dose: < 10 cysts Incubation period: 7 days Duration of illness: 1-4 weeks Transmission: Fomites, waterborne, foodborne High risk groups: children, immunosuppressed people, institutioned populations

Emerging Protozoan Parasites Toxoplasma gondii Microsporidia spp.

Toxoplasma gondii (oocysts) Apicomplexa (Coccidia) Oocyst –Two phases A: unsporulated B: sporulated –10 – 13  m –two sporocysts –four sporozoites –distinctive cell walls two or three layers scatter UV highly persistent in the environment –soil (months) –moist conditions (years)

Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii : Epidemiology Worldwide –22.5 % prevalence (general population) in USA between –Half billion people in the world Unusually high prevalence in France (65-85%): raw or undercooked meat High prevalence in Central America: large number of stray cats Symptoms –Immunocompetent people: mostly asymptomatic, some flu-like symptoms (swollen lymph glands, muscle aches and pains) –Immunocompromised people: life-threating central nerve system disease (encephalitis) blindness, myocarditis, pneumonia –Congenital infected children impaired vision and mental retardation Reservoir: Definitive hosts are cats; intermediate hosts are sheep, goats, rodents, swine, cattle, chicken, and birds Transmission: Indirect (water and food) and transplacental High risk groups: infants born to infected mothers, immunosuppressed people