Chapter 11 Information System Development and Programming Languages

Chapter 11 Objectives Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility assessment, documentation, data and information gathering techniques, and information systems security during system development List other programming languages and other program development tools Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system development cycle Describe various ways to develop Web pages Differentiate between low-level languages and procedural languages List the six steps in the program development cycle Identify the benefits of object-oriented and visual programming languages Explain the basic control structures used in designing solutions to programming problems Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is an information system (IS)? Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality information System—Set of components that interact to achieve common goal Businesses use many types of systems p. 406 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are the phases of the system development cycle? Phase 2. Analysis Conduct preliminary investigation Perform detailed analysis activities: Study current system Determine user requirements Recommend solution Phase 1. Planning Phase 3. Design Review project requests Prioritize project requests Allocate resources Identify project development team Acquire hardware and software, if necessary Develop details of system Phase 5. Support Phase 4. Implementation Conduct post-implementation system review Identify errors and enhancements Monitor system performance Develop programs, if necessary Install and test new system Train users Convert to new system p. 406 Fig. 11-1 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are guidelines for system development? Arrange tasks into phases (groups of activities) Involve users (anyone for whom system is being built) Develop clearly defined standards (procedures company expects employees to follow) p. 406 - 407 Next

The System Development Life Cycle Who participates in the system development life cycle? p. 407 Fig. 11-2 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a systems analyst? Responsible for designing and developing information system Liaison between users and IT professionals p. 407 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is the project team? Formed to work on project from beginning to end Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT professionals Project leader—one member of the team who manages and controls project budget and schedule p. 408 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is project management? Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling activities during system development cycle Project leader identifies elements for project Goal, objectives, and expectations, collectively called scope Required activities Time estimates for each activity Cost estimates for each activity Order of activities Activities that can take place at same time Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Project Management below Chapter 11 p. 408 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a Gantt chart? Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project activities p. 409 Fig. 11-3 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is feasibility? Operational feasibility Measure of how suitable system development will be to the company Four feasibility tests: Schedule feasibility Economic feasibility (also called cost/benefit feasibility) Technical feasibility p. 409 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is documentation? Collection and summarization of data and information Includes reports, diagrams, programs, and other deliverables p. 409 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are six data and information gathering techniques? Review documentation Observe Questionnaire Interview Joint-application design (JAD) session Research p. 410 Fig. 11-4 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are some reasons to create or modify an information system? To correct problem in existing system To improve existing system Outside group may mandate change Competition can lead to change p. 410 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a request for system services? Formal request for new or modified information system Also called project request p. 411 Fig. 11-5 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is the planning phase? Begins when steering committee receives project request Steering committee—decision-making body for the company Function of committee: Review and approve project requests Prioritize project requests Allocate resources Form project development team for each approved project p. 412 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is the analysis phase? Conduct preliminary investigation, also called feasibility study Perform detailed analysis p. 413 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is the preliminary investigation? Determine exact nature of problem or improvement and whether it is worth pursuing Findings are presented in feasibility report, also known as a feasibility study p. 413 - 414 Fig. 11-6 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is detailed analysis? 1. Study how current system works 2. Determine user’s wants, needs, and requirements 3. Recommend solution Sometimes called logical design p. 415 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is the system proposal? Assesses feasibility of each alternative solution Recommends the most feasible solution for the project Presented to steering committee, which decides how system will be developed p. 415 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are possible solutions? Horizontal market software—meets needs of many companies Buy packaged software—prewritten software available for purchase Vertical market software—designed for particular industry Write own custom software—software developed at user’s request Outsource—have outside source develop software Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Vertical Market Software below Chapter 11 p. 415 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is the design phase? Acquire hardware and software Develop all details of new or modified information system p. 416 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is needed to acquire new hardware and software? Identify all hardware and software requirements of new or modified system Talk with other systems analysts Surf Web Visit vendors’ stores Read print and online trade journals, newspapers, and magazines E-zine, or electronic magazine, is publication available on Web p. 416 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are three basic documents used to summarize technical specifications? Vendor quotes price(s) for listed product(s) Identifies product(s) you want Request for quotation (RFQ) Request for proposal (RFP) Vendor selects product(s) that meet(s) your requirements and then quotes price(s) Less formal method that uses standard form to request information about product or service Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Request for Proposals below Chapter 11 Request for information (RFI) p. 416 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a value-added reseller (VAR)? Complete system provided by value-added reseller Value-added reseller (VAR) purchases products from manufacturer and then resells them, offering additional services with product Authorized VARs must meet certain manufacturer-specified requirements p. 417 Fig. 11-7 Next

The System Development Life Cycle How do systems analysts test software products? References from vendor Talk to current users of product Product demonstrations Trial version of software Benchmark test measures performance p. 417 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a detailed design? Detailed design specifications for components in proposed solution Includes several activities Database design Input and output design Program design p. 418 - 419 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a mockup? Sample of input or output that contains actual data p. 418 Fig. 11-8 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a layout chart? Input or output that contains programming-like notations for data items p. 419 Fig. 11-9 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is a prototype? Working model of proposed system Beginning a prototype too early may lead to problems p. 419 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is computer-aided software engineering (CASE)? Software tools designed to support activities of system development cycle p. 419 Fig. 11-10 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is the implementation phase? Purpose is to construct, or build, new or modified system and then deliver it to users Convert to new system Train users Install and test new system Develop programs p. 420 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are the three types of tests performed by system developers? Unit Test Systems test Verifies each individual program works by itself Verifies all programs in application work together Integration Test Acceptance Test Verifies application works with other applications Verifies the new system works with actual data p. 420 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What is training? Showing users exactly how they will use new hardware and software in system p. 421 Fig. 11-11 Next

The System Development Life Cycle What are conversion strategies? Used to change from old system to new system p. 421 Next

The System Development Life Cycle Conduct post-implementation system review—meeting to find out if information system is performing according to expectations The System Development Life Cycle Identify errors What is the support phase? Provides ongoing assistance after system is implemented Identify enhancements Monitor system performance p. 422 Next

Information System Security What is a computer security plan? Summarizes in writing all of the safeguards that are in place to protect a company’s information assets Identify all information assets of an organization Identify all security risks that may cause an information loss For each risk, identify the safeguards that exist to detect, prevent, and recover from a loss p. 422 Next

Programming Languages What is a computer program? Set of instructions that directs computer to perform tasks Programming language—used to write instructions p. 423 Fig. 11-12 Next

Programming Languages What are low-level languages and high-level languages? Low-level language High-level language Machine-dependent runs only on one type of computer Often machine-independent can run on many different types of computers Machine and assembly languages are low-level p. 424 Next

Programming Languages What is machine language? Only language computer directly recognizes Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) with a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits p. 424 Fig. 11-13 Next

Programming Languages What is assembly language? Instructions made up of symbolic instruction codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes Source program contains code to be converted to machine language p. 424 Fig. 11-14 Next

Programming Languages What is a procedural language? Programmer writes instructions that tell computer what to accomplish and how to do it Uses series of English-like words to write instructions Often called third-generation language (3GL) Most widely used are BASIC, COBOL, and C p. 425 Next

Programming Languages What is a compiler? Program that converts entire source program into machine language before executing it p. 425 Fig. 11-15 Next

Programming Languages What is an interpreter? Program that translates and executes one program code statement at a time Does not produce object program p. 426 Fig. 11-16 Next

Programming Languages What is COBOL? Designed for business applications English-like statements make code easy to read, write, and maintain COmmon Business-Oriented Language Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click COBOL below Chapter 11 p. 426 Fig. 11-17 Next

Programming Languages What is C? Powerful language originally designed to write system software Requires professional programming skills p. 427 Fig. 11-18 Next

Programming Languages What is an object-oriented programming (OOP) language? Used to implement object-oriented design Major benefit is ability to reuse existing objects Event-driven—checks for and responds to set of events C++ and Java are complete object-oriented languages Object is item that contains data and procedures that act on data Event is action to which program responds p. 427 Next

Programming Languages What is Java? Developed by Sun Microsystems Similar to C++ but uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert source code into machine code Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Java below Chapter 11 p. 427 Fig. 11-19 Next

Programming Languages What is C++? Includes all elements of C, plus additional features for working with object-oriented concepts Used to develop database and Web applications What is C#? Object-oriented programming language based on C++ Accepted as a standard for Web applications and XML-based Web services Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click C++ below Chapter 11 p. 428 Next

Programming Languages What is a visual programming language? Provides visual or graphical interface for creating source code Visual programming environment (VPE) allows developers to drag and drop objects to build programs Sometimes called fifth-generation language Programmer writes and implements program in segments Often used in RAD (rapid application development) environment p. 428 Next

Programming Languages What is Visual Studio 2005? .NET is set of technologies that allows program to run on Internet Comprised of Visual Basic 2005, Visual C++ 2005, Visual C# 2005, and Visual J# 2005 Step 1. The programmer designs the user interface. Step 2. The programmer assigns properties to each object on the form. Step 3. The programmer writes code to define the action of each command button. Step 4. The programmer tests the application. Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Visual Studio 2005 below Chapter 11 p. 428 Fig. 11-20 Next

Programming Languages What is Delphi? Powerful visual programming tool Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web applications What is PowerBuilder? Another powerful visual programming tool Best suited for Web-based and large-scale object-oriented applications p. 429 Next

Programming Languages What is RPG (Report Program Generator)? Used for generating reports, performing computations, and updating files p. 430 Fig. 11-21 Next

Programming Languages What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)? Nonprocedural language that allows access to data in database Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows users to manage data in relational DBMS p. 430 Fig. 11-22 Next

Programming Languages What are other available programming languages? ADA ALGOL APL FORTH FORTRAN HYPERTALK LISP LOGO MODULA-2 PASCAL PILOT PL/I PROLOG SMALLTALK p. 431 Next

Programming Languages What is an application generator? Program that creates source code or machine code from specification Consists of report writer, form, and menu generator Form provides areas for entering data p. 431 - 432 Fig. 11-24 Next

Programming Languages What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)? Used to create Web pages Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click HTML below Chapter 11 p. 433 Fig. 11-25 Next

Programming Languages What is a scripting language? Typically easy to learn and use JavaScript—adds dynamic content and interactive elements to Web page VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition)—adds intelligence and interactivity to Web page Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language)—has powerful text processing capabilities p. 434 - 435 Fig. 11-26 Next

Programming Languages What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)? Allows developers to include more graphical interest and interactivity in Web page p. 435 Fig. 11-27 Next

Programming Languages What are XHTML, XML, and WML? XHTML (Extensible HTML) enables Web sites to be displayed more easily on microbrowsers Includes features of HTML and XML XML (Extensible Markup Language) allows developers to create customized tags Server sends entire record to client, enabling client to do much of processing without going back to server Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 11, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click XML below Chapter 11 WML (Wireless Markup Language) allows developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers Many PDAs and smart phones use WML as their markup language p. 436 Next

Programming Languages What is Web page authoring software? Creates sophisticated Web pages without using HTML Generates HTML Dreamweaver MX Flash MX FrontPage 2003 p. 436 Next

Programming Languages What is multimedia authoring software? Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into interactive presentation Used for computer-based training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT) Software includes Toolbook, Authorware, and Director MX p. 437 Fig. 11-28 Next

The Program Development Cycle What is the program development cycle? Steps programmers use to build computer programs Programming team—Group of programmers working on program p. 438 Fig. 11-29 Next

The Program Development Cycle What is a sequence control structure? Control structure that shows actions following each other in order Control structure depicts logical order of program instructions p. 440 Fig. 11-30 Next

The Program Development Cycle What is a selection control structure? Tells program which action to take, based on a certain condition Two types Case control structure If-then-else control structure—yields one of two possibilities: true or false p. 440 Fig. 11-31 Next

The Program Development Cycle What is a case control structure? Yields one of three or more possibilities p. 440 - 441 Fig. 11-32 Next

The Program Development Cycle What is a repetition control structure? Enables program to perform one or more actions repeatedly Do-while control structure—repeats as long as condition is true Do-While Control Structure Do-Until Control Structure Do-until control structure—repeats until condition is true p. 441 Figs. 11-33–11-34 Next

Summary of Information System Development and Programming Languages Phases in the system development life cycle Various programming languages and program development tools used to write and develop computer programs Guidelines for system development Web development and multimedia development tools Activities that occur during the entire system development cycle Program development cycle Chapter 11 Complete