Tele-transport experiment Free from pain and anxiety Free from pain and anxiety

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ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS EUDAIMONIA (you-dee-mo-nea) Happiness Fulfillment Satisfaction Well-being (the ultimate goal in living; makes life worth living )

What is the ultimate goal that makes life worth living? 1)Attained for it’s own sake, not for the sake of something else 2)Independent (nothing else can be added to make it better) 3)The end that justifies all prior actions to be good eg. assuring your parents, maintaining friendship

ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS In short A good end is one that once you have it you don’t need more of it & you don’t attain it to get something else.

Let’s look at what plants, animals and humans are capable of doing…

ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS PLANTSTake in food and grow ANIMALSTake in food and grow Respond with instincts Human Beings Take in food and grow Respond with instincts Use Reason

ARISTOTLE’S ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS Arête (ah-rer-tey) or Virtue or Excellence of a thing = giftedness = capabilities = function 2 kinds of Human arête:

ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS Virtues of Intellect Person is good at problem-solving, inference, interpretation, or reasoning concerning either theoretical or practical matters. These include wisdom, prudence, and comprehension. Develop skills like baking, financial management, athletics etc.

Virtues of Character Display desirable quality of behaviour such as courage, benevolence, generosity etc. Aristotle believes that anything T is good at being that kind of thing T if and only if it is good at achieving its purpose.

Purpose Use reason Arete (capabilities) Enable them to blossom Repeat Become Virtuous (abilities actualised to max) Eudaimonia Life worth living and lived well

ARISTOTLE On HAPPINESSHAPPINESS Good Character Good Habits (constant practise “we are what we repeatedly do”) Good Actions Good Thoughts

ARISTOTLE’S ETHICS GOLDEN MEAN The right balance between two extremes, the extreme of excess and the extreme of deficiency Moderation in emotions, attitudes and behaviour Subjected to individual’s abilities and needs (eg. A labourer’s amt of food intake vs a typist’s) Not applicable for vices

DEONTOLOGY Fulfil moral duties and obligations regardless of end results. It is the motives that determine if an action is morally right or wrong, not the consequences.

DEONTOLOGY Consider the statement “He didn’t do what was expected.” Motives : a) “I don’t want to.” b) “I don’t know how to.” c) “I can’t.” Eg. Parents’ Maintenance Act, Absent parents, Giving up seat, hiding truth

KANTIAN ETHICS

QUESTIONS OF A DEONTOLOGIST What would I do if everyone were to follow my example? Would I be using the person as a means or as an end?

Kant’s Example # 1 A man reduced to despair contemplates suicide: Is suicide universalizable? No! Does it treat oneself as a means or as an end? As a means. Therefore, the categorical imperative dictates that suicide is morally wrong.

Kant’s Example # 2 A man in need of money thinks about borrowing money and realizes he will have to promise to repay it even though he knows he cannot. Is such behavior universalizable? Would he be using the person as a means or as an end?

Kant’s Example # 3 A person has a talent which he could develop to benefit himself and others, but he prefers not to work to improve the talent. Is such behavior universalizable? Would he be using himself as a means or as an end?

Kant’s Example # 4 A prosperous person is asked for charitable help. He considers not helping. Is such behavior universalizable? Would he be using the person as a means or as an end?

DEONTOLOGICAL QUOTES Act that your principle of action might safely be made a law for the whole world. ~Immanuel Kant Read more: In law a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics he is guilty if he only thinks of doing so. ~Immanuel Kant Read more:

Buddhism’s Point of View The gratification of desires is not happiness. Genuine happiness can only be achieved when we transform our way of life from the unthinking pursuit of pleasure to one committed to enriching our inner lives, when we focus on “being more” rather than simply having more. ~Buddhist Philosopher Daisaku Ikeda

Christianity’s Point Of View St Augustine’s City of God Like Plato’s Ideal Form in Republic, our experiences are ideas of what an ideal would be. Our experience of happiness on earth are just reflections of the ultimate goodness, illusions and not real. Relying our happiness on earthly things will bring us suffering, emptiness and disillusionment. Earth is not the place for us to hope for permanent happiness. Has to be found in ideal, that is God, who is LOVE.

Christianity’s Point Of View “If I speak in the tongues [a] of men or of angels, but do not have love, I am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. 2 If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but do not have love, I am nothing. 3 If I give all I possess to the poor and give over my body to hardship that I may boast, [b] but do not have love, I gain nothing.”ab 1 Corinthians 13:1-3

Christianity’s Point Of View “… the greatest of these is love.” 1 Corinthians 13:13

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