DNA and RNA The Chain of Life

DNA DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA … RNA…proteins… make up cells…life DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life.

DNA Why important to you? 1) every new cell needs copy of DNA to make proteins 2) pass on DNA to offspring 3)medical benefits such as cures for diseases, 4)better food crops and animals

Who discovered structure? - moviemovie James WatsonFrancis Crick

A HISTORY OF DNA DNA double helixDiscovery of the DNA double helix A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928) B.Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA. (1952) C.Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray. (1953)

DNA Made up of polymers – composed of sub units called monomers

DNA DNA and RNA repeating units = nucleotides – 2 together form DNA chain

DNA Called a DOUBLE HELIX Held together with hydrogen bonds : share 1 electron

DNA Nucleotides – 3 parts 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose phosphate group nitrogen base ( 4 kinds)

DNA adenine purines: 2 rings guanine

DNA thymine pyrimidines : 1 ring cytosine

DNA A = T with two hydrogen bonds C = G with three hydrogen bonds DNA structure movie

DNA by the numbers Each cell has about 2 meters of DNA. The average human has 75 trillion cells. The average human has enough DNA to go from the earth to the sun more than 400 times. DNA has a diameter of only m. It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!!It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!! (a library of about 1,000 books) The earth is 150 billion m or 93 million miles from the sun.

DNA is like a fingerprint because everyone ’ s is a little different! How does the police look at DNA to figure out who committed a crime?

The DNA gets cut up by special scissors!!!

The scissors can only cut the same color!

All of the cut up pieces of DNA are different sizes.

BIG LITTLE A special machine sorts the DNA by size. (Little pieces are fast, so they move faster to the bottom.) TOP BOTTOM

We are ALL a little bit different! Mrs. Nickerson’s DNA Sara’s DNA BIG LITTLE

Soooo …. How do we tell people apart just by their DNA anyways???

Mrs. Nickerson’s DNASara’s DNA Our DNA has different sizes of pieces so it makes a different pattern when it’s all cut up.

Mrs. Nickerson’s Sara This is what it really looks like!!!

Mrs. Nickerson’s Sara Is the red box around Mrs. Nickerson’s DNA or around Sara’s DNA? ?

DNA Replication : Unwind and Unzip hydrogen bonds are broken with enzyme called helicase free floating nitrogen bases come in and bond copying occurs

Replication… Replication flash Movie Replication full movie

Identical base sequences

Mutations Wild type"Normal Gene" THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Missense THQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Nonsense THE ONE BIG Frameshift THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY Deletion THE ONE BIG HAD ONE RED EYE Duplication THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Insertion THE ONE BIG WET FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Expanding (P) THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Expanding (F1) THE ONE BIG FLY FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE Expanding (F2) THE ONE BIG FLY FLY FLY FLY FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE

RNA – synthesize proteins – Ribonucleic Acid

RNA Plants – photosynthesis Animals – protein synthesis

RNA 3 Differences! 1) 1 strand of nucleotides instead of 2 2) ribose not deoxyribose 3) uricil not thymine

RNA - types Types - mRNA – messenger RNA – used to transmit information from DNA

-RNA Types t RNA – transfer RNA – single strand of RNA able to bend back upon itself so that the correct bases can bond together

-RNA Types - rRNA – ribosomal RNA – globular, not in a strand – main factor in ribosome organelles

Protein Synthesis – how proteins are made Proteins… polymers called polypeptides… specific sequence of amino acids… linked together by peptide bonds

Protein Synthesis 20 amino acids - genetic code = array of nitrogen base combination - 3 sequences on one side of chain = codon… AUG start code All others…= 64 possibilities

Amino Acid Decoder Chart

-RNA Transcription – how RNA is made RNA enzyme polymerase unzips a DNA chain Hydrogen bonds occur between DNA and RNA Copies until it reaches stop code then triggers release

Transcription - moviemovie

-RNA Translation assembling of protein molecules in mRNA codons paired with anticodon

Translation - moviemovie

rRNABonds chain of Amino Acids to form a Polypeptide Protein