VISION.

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Presentation transcript:

VISION

Objectives Explain the visual process, including the stimulus input, the structure of the eye, and the transduction of light energy Discuss the different levels of visual information processing and the value of parallel processing. Explain the Young-Helmhotz and opponent-processing theories of color vision, and describe the nature of color constancy.

Stimulus Input: Light Energy

Vision- Physical Properties of Waves Short wavelength=high frequency (bluish colors, high-pitched sounds) Long wavelength=low frequency (reddish colors, low-pitched sounds) Great amplitude (bright colors, loud sounds) Small amplitude (dull colors, soft sounds)

Vision Hue dimension of color determined by wavelength of light Intensity amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude brightness loudness

The spectrum of electromagnetic energy

The Eye

The Eye Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the eye Iris- a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina

The Eye

The Eye Accommodation- Retina- the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina Retina- the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

The Eye Farsighted Nearsighted Normal

Vision- Receptors Receptors in the Human Eye Cones Rods Number Location in retina Sensitivity in dim light Color sensitive? Yes Low Center 6 million No High Periphery 120 million

The Eye Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex

Visual Information Processing

Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously

Visual Information Processing Feature Detectors nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features shape angle movement Stimulus Cell’s responses

Feature Detection

Feature Detection

Feature Detection On ceup on atim ether eweret wobe ars. The yate aloto f hone yan drest edat nigh t. Oned ayat hird be arap proched an dye l led "Why arey out wobe arsso fat?"

Facial Recognition

Color Detection

Visual Information Processing Trichromatic (three color) Theory Young and Helmholtz three different retinal color receptors red green blue

Color-Deficient Vision People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design

Visual Information Processing Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision “ON” “OFF” red green green red blue yellow yellow blue black white white black

Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect

Visual Information Processing Color Constancy Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object