BIOLOGY 137 Genetic Engineering. CLONING Have you ever wished you could have a clone of yourself to do homework while you hit the skate park or went out.

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Presentation transcript:

BIOLOGY 137 Genetic Engineering

CLONING Have you ever wished you could have a clone of yourself to do homework while you hit the skate park or went out with your friends? CloneYou

What is CLONING? Cloning:  Creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another.  This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two! DOLLY: 1 st cloned mammal

How is CLONING done? To make Dolly, researchers isolated a somatic cell from an adult female sheep. Next, they transferred the nucleus from that cell to an egg cell from which the nucleus had been removed. After a couple of chemical tweaks, the egg cell, with its new nucleus, was behaving just like a freshly fertilized zygote. It developed into an embryo, which was implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term. The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell nucleus to the egg. She was the first-ever mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.

How is CLONING done?

Common Misconception Clone magically appears and is the same age and has the same personality as the original.

Why Clone? Reviving endangered or extinct species Reproducing a deceased Pet Medical purposes Cloning animal models of disease Cloning stem cells for research "Pharming" for drug production STOP and THINK…Do you think cloning should be allowed? WHY or WHY NOT?

What is GENE THERAPY? Gene Therapy:  Experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease

Why Gene Therapy? Researchers are testing several approaches to gene therapy, including:  Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene.  Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.  Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.

What is GENETIC ENHANCEMENT? Genetic Enhancement:  Refers to the transfer of genetic material intended to change non-life threatening human traits How is genetic enhancement different then gene therapy? Genetic enhancement seeks to change humans cosmetically while gene therapy is used to treat disease.

Examples of Genetic Enhancements Using growth hormone to increase muscle mass or height Using hormones to delay the ageing process Introduce genetic mutations that increase an athlete's capacity for aerobic exercise Improve one’s brain to make you smarter Improve memory

Genetic Enhancement Questions What is meant by normal? When is a genetic intervention "enhancing" or "therapeutic?" Would people who have been genetically enhanced enjoy an unfair advantage in competing for scarce resources? That is, will genetic enhancement be available to all or only to the few who can afford to purchase it using their personal finances?

What is SEX SELECTION? Sex Selection:  Methods used to predetermine or diagnose the sex of an embryo for the purpose of selecting only those embryos of a particular sex for transplanting to the uterus of a woman.  In high school terms:  Selecting if your child is a boy or girl!

Medical Reasons for Sex Selection Several 100 known genetic diseases that affect only males:  i.e. Duchene Muscular Dystrophy Parents who know that they carry specific diseases may choose to have a female

Non-Medical Reasons for Sex-Selection Family balancing – to have a family that includes children of both sexes Rebuild a family after the death of a child, therefore strong desire to have a child of the same sex To fulfill a general preference for one sex over another due to social, economic or cultural reasons

Ethical, Legal & Social Issues to Consider What are the benefits? What are the risks? Whom will the technology help? Does it have the potential to hurt anyone? What does this mean for me? For my family? For others around me? Why might others not share my view?  Step Into Someone Else's Shoes!  Would your views be the same if you were a different person or had a unique situation?