 The Primary Sector- (agriculture) is the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment. Ex. Agriculture, raising animals, fishing, forestry  This sector is largest in low-income, pre- industrial societies

 The Secondary Sector- (industry) the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.  This sector grows quickly as societies industrialize, and includes such operations as refining petroleum into gasoline and turning metals into tools or automobiles

 The Tertiary Sector- (services) the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods  Grows with industrialization and comes to dominate post-industrial societies  Ex. Construction, trade, finance, real estate

 The Quaternary Sector- often seen as a subset of the tertiary sector; includes service jobs concerned with research and development, management and administration  Ex. Doctors, lawyers

 Agriculture- the deliberate tending of crops & livestock in order to produce food & fiber  Many countries today have relatively small percentages of their populations in agriculture  Yet agricultural production is at an all-time high

 United Kingdom 0.5%  Russia 5.4%  China 12.5%  Mexico 3.8%  Nigeria 26.9%  Iran 11.6%

 The nature of farming has changed with mechanization and farm consolidation, particularly in industrial and post-industrial countries  The way the land is distributed to individuals and is used for food production is determined by culture

 Intensive: requires lots of labor inputs or is focused on a small plot of land or both  Extensive: requires limited labor inputs or is spread across large areas of land or both

 For thousands of years humans sustained themselves as hunters and gatherers  Lived in small groups of usually fewer than 50, because a large number would quickly exhaust the resources within walking distance  Men hunted game or fished & women gathered berries, nuts, and roots  Groups traveled frequently, setting up new home bases or camps

 When, How, Why did people give up their wandering and settle to live in permanent places?  Happened in different parts of the world at different times  Settled communities developed in many places by 8000 BC  The ability to settle was based entirely on successful cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

 Its the 1 st Agriculture Revolution  The transformation from hunting & gathering to agriculture & settlement  It was one of the most significant markers in human history, it occurred gradually and probably by trail and error

 Increase in reliable food supplies  Rapid increase in total human population  Job specialization  Widening of gender differences  Development of distinction between settled people and nomads

 According to Carl Sauer, the earliest form of plant cultivation was vegetable planting  He believed this originated in the diverse climates and topography of Southeast Asia

 Seed agriculture is the production of plants through annual planting of seeds  This came after vegetable planting & is how most agriculture is practiced today  Sauer identified 3 hearths for seed agriculture: western India, northern China, and Ethiopia  Two independent seed agriculture hearths originated in the Western Hemisphere: Southern Mexico & northern Peru

 Over the years innovations increased the chances of success for seed agricultural practices  Early innovations included irrigation, plowing to loosen and turn the soil, fencing to keep the animals off the fields, building terraces to provide level fields on hillsides

 Food in the Western & Eastern Hemispheres were almost completely different until the late 15 th & 16 th centuries  Products were carried both ways across the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans  For the first time in history trade routes encircled the globe

 Crops grown in one area, like the potato that originated in the Andes Mountains, became a mainstay in another area (Ireland)  What type of diffusion? Relocation Diffusion

 Maize  Cayenne pepper  Bell peppers  Potato  Tomato  Tobacco  Rubber  Peanuts  Turkeys

 Wheat  Rice  Coffee  Apples  Citrus  Horses  Cattle  Hogs  Chicken

 Began in Western Europe in the late 1600s  Intensified agriculture by higher yields per acre and per farmer  Agricultural revolution preceded the Industrial Revolution, making it possible to feed the rapidly growing population  Once the Industrial Revolution began, farming methods became much more efficient

 Subsistence agriculture- productions of only enough food to feed the farmer’s family, with little or no surplus  Commercial agriculture- production of food surplus, with most crops destined for sale to people outside the farmer’s family

 Also known as “slash & burn” or swidden agriculture  Primarily found in rain forests zones of Central & South America, West Africa, eastern & central China and Southeast Asia

 Agribusiness- the system of commercial farming found in more developed countries  Big companies (food processing companies)sign contracts with commercial farmers to buy their grain, cattle, pigs, chicken & other products that they in turn package to sell through food outlets