Section 1 – Early Difficulties

 General Douglas MacArthur: Son of Arthur MacArthur Distinguished General  Served in Philippines Wounded Twice WWI  1937 Retires Philippines Advisor  President Orders:  Roosevelt Recalls to Active Duty Summer 1941  Command of all U.S. Army Units in Pacific

 Japan Attacks: Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941  Hitler Declares War Against America Dec. 11, 1941  December 8, 1941 Bomb Philippines  Clark Air Force Base  Following Weeks: Burma Borneo Netherlands East Indies Wake Island Hong Kong

 Significance: Planes Provide Air Support  Pacific Fleet in Philippines Fleet Withdraws Threat of Planes  Taiwan Air Base

 Battle of Bataan:  General Douglass MacArthur United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) American & Filipino Held out Against Imperial Army 4 Months  By March  Entire Western Pacific Japanese Control Except Philippines  MacArthur's Orders: Retreat to Bataan Peninsula Rapid Evacuation Supplies & Food

 Japanese Advance in Philippines: No Air or Navy Opposition Advance toward Manila  Japanese Pressure: Keep Pressure on War of Attrition  Roosevelt Orders MacArthur to Australia  MacArthur Vows Philippines "I Shall Return”  Surrender:  April 9, ,000 Soldiers 12,000 Americans 63,000 Filipinos

 Bataan Death March: Soldiers left on Peninsula Surrender April ,000 Soldiers Forced to March 65 Mile March  Camp O'Donnell Fell Behind...Executed  March Toll: 10,000 Died Sun Treatment Mud Eating  General Homma Lead Japanese 

 Leading to a Conflict:  Japanese Invasion (2) Approaching East End of Java February 27, 1942 (ABDA) Intercept Fleet  American-British-Dutch-Australian  Difference in Language Lack of Common Training Non Modern Ships Inferior Air Support  Battle of Java Sea:  Large Japanese Force Sent Instantly Overwhelm ABDA 4 Older Destroyers (WWI)  Return to Port Surabaya Refuel Several Ships Sunk  Doorman's Orders Flee to Port

 Battle of Sunda Strait: (Feb. 28, 1942) Houston & Perth  Fleeing Java Sea Find Landing Force at Bantam Bay  Japanese Invasion:  Supported Widely Dispersed Cruisers & Destroyers  Allied Response: Attack Transports  Japanese Response: Warships Close in Fire a Total...90 Torpedoes

 Attack Results:  Both Ships Sunk 2 Japanese Ships Sunk 3 Transports Severely Damaged

 Resounding Japanese Victory: Ends ABDA Resistance  Invasion Forces Land Java  Fleet Losses: (1st Java) ABDA Lost: (14 Total)  3 Cruisers  3 Destroyers  Japanese Lost: 2 Destroyers  Remaining ABDA Fleet: Remaining Units of Fleet Destroyed  Battle of Sunda Strait  2nd Battle of Java Sea

 Japanese Forces: Annihilate ABDA at Java  Carrier Force (Kido Butai) Admiral Nagumo  Head Westward to Indian Ocean  Indian Ocean Raid: Operation C Destroy British Naval Power  Indian Ocean Secure Westward Flank Eliminate British Access Oil: Persian Gulf Rubber: Ceylon  Islands Control Harbor & Naval Base  Operations Continue Burma Ceylon

 Japanese Fleet: (Kido Butai) "Intimidate" British Fleet  Capture Key Locations Bases  Prepare Invasion of Ceylon  Japanese Invasion: Ceylon  Never Takes Place  First Carrier Striking Force Recalled to Japan Doolittle Raid

 Doolittle Raid: 16 B-25 Bombers "Mitchell" 5 Man Crew  Launch off Aircraft Carrier (USS Hornet) April 18 Mid-Afternoon Encountered Enemy 400 Miles Away Launch 600 Miles Away

 Raid Results: Targets were Hit (Minimum Damage) Boosted American Morale   Japanese: Recall Forces (Home Defense)Medal Return – “With Interest” Civilians Concerned  The Raid Men: No Planes Reach China Men Escorted by Chinese Two Crews Captured  8 Airmen  3 Executed  Japan Punishes Chinese ,000 Murdered  Japanese High Command Embarrassed Recall 1st Air Fleet Secure 'Pacific Frontier’

 Japan's Aggression: Extending Defensive Perimeter Success Indian Ocean  Japanese Escort: Large Convoy 2 Heavy Carriers  Shokaku  Zuikaku

 Signals Intelligence: Message Intercepted  2 Carrier Groups Sent to Coral Sea Lexington Yorktown  May 7, 1942: Early in Battle American Aircraft Sink Shoho  Australian/American Cruisers Block Invasion Japanese Pilots  Attack Group

 May 8, 1942: Japanese Pilots Find American Carriers Heavily Damage Yorktown Sunk Lexington  First Carrier - Carrier Battle Never Saw One Another

 U.S. Results: Strategic Victory Invasion Thwarted Supply Line Remains Open  First Substantial Warship Kill Shoho Lexington Sunk Yorktown Severely Damaged  Japanese Results: Japanese Heavy Carriers  Severely Damaged  Couldn't take Part in next Operation  Japanese First Major Failure Another Insult   Yamamoto: Master Plan Fails  Defeat American Fleet Midway

 Midway Significance: Last Island  American Control  Invade Pearl Harbor Eliminate Fleet Base Advantage in Pacific  The Purpose: Draw Out Pacific Fleet  Defeat it  Japanese Embarrassed Doolittle Raid (April) Coral Sea (May)

 3 Phase Plan:  Phase 1: Vice Admiral Nagumo  Carrier Force  Suppress Midway  Long-Range Strike Power  American Warships  Phase 2: Admiral Yamamoto  Battleship Group  Heavy Gun Power  Phase 3: Vice Admiral Kondo  Battleship & Cruiser Forces  Capture Midway  Aleutian Islands: Simultaneous Operation Strategic Diversion

 America: Quickly Repair Yorktown 3 Heavy Carriers Enterprise, Hornet, Yorktown  Japan: Unable to Repair 2 Heavy Carriers Coral Sea 4 Heavy Carriers Kido Butai Superior Training & Tactics

 American Good Fortune: Superior Communications Intelligence Early Warning of Attack  Chester Nimitz: Pacific Fleet Commander Carriers to Pearl Harbor  Refuel & Rearm Escape Japanese Subs  Sets Ambush  Carriers Sent Northeast June 2nd Submarines Cover Midway

 Japanese Attack: Midway Island Aircraft  Carrier Fleet Located: Americans Launch Aircraft Torpedo Planes Dive-Bombers  Japanese Re-Arming Aircraft Torpedoes Attack Carriers  American Aircraft: Torpedo Planes  No Hits  Draw Anti-Air Fire  Fighters

 "Act of God": Dive Bombers Lost Follow Destroyer Wake  Carriers Hit & Sink  3 Carriers (Akagi, Kaga, Soryu)  Planes-Fuel-Bombs Explode on Flight Deck  Hiryu Launch Counterattack Cripple Yorktown Yorktown Aircraft Sinks Hiryu

 Japanese Carrier Force: Kido Butai (1st Air Fleet) Destroyed  Ends Offensive Capabilities Lost Carriers Skilled Pilots  Japan High Water Mark: Prior to Midway Japan had Naval Superiority Choose When & Where to Attack  After Midway Two Fleets Equal Americans Going on Offensive  Guadalcanal Campaign: (August 7, 1942-February 7, 1943) Japanese Lack Carrier Advantage Americans 1st Major Land Offensive in Pacific  Americans Offensive-Japanese Defensive  fvw fvw

 Admiral Yamamoto's plan is intercepted and decoded by the U.S.  Advantages:  Quick repairs to Yorktown allow the U.S. to commit 3 Heavy Carriers against Japan's 4 and had forewarning of Japan's intentions. Also had a little luck  Japan had superior training and tactics  Attack:  Americans discover group and launch land and carrier based attacks. Torpedo plane based attack failed but did bring Japanese fighters down to lower altitude leaving high-altitude attack open.  Bombers lost follow destroyer back to Carrier Division.  3 Carriers were (Akagi, Kaga, Soryu) heavily hit and sunk  Hiryu launch a counterattack and cripple Yorktown (later sunk-sub)  Kidu Butai Japanese Carrier force destroyed  End of Japanese strategic offensive capabilities  Lost main carriers and unreplacable skilled pilots

 United States 1 st major offensive American Marines 6 desperate months held onto a toehold around airport  Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift Commander of US Marines “these people refuse to surrender, the wounded wait until men come to examine them and then blow themselves up”  Japanese send huge fleet to Soloman Islands U.S. Fleet defeat Japanese in a bloody battle Turned the war in Pacific in the Allies favor

 March 1942 Marine Signal Corps organized a unit Composed of Navajo some of who were teenagers Provided unbreakable code  “Chicken Hawk” Dive Bomber  “Hummingbird” Fighter plane  “Iron Fish” Submarine  Often worked in dangerous conditions behind enemy lines  By August 1943 nearly 200 Navajo were participating in the Code Talker program End of the War 400 had served Code was never broken