With the number of new American settlers moving into Texas, things are getting tense. Students should be able to recognize the reasons for the tensions between the Mexican Government and the new Texans (mostly former Americans) that eventually lead to the Texas Revolution. The key events to focus on – Constitution of 1824 Fredonian Rebellion Meir y Teran’s Report Law of April 6, 1830 Affair at Anahuac Arrest and Imprisonment of Stephen F. Austin

Mexico City POWER Federalists – power should be shared between the states and the national government THE CONSTITUTION OF 1824 Written by the Federalist government: Divided Mexico into 19 states and 4 territories Combined Coahuila and Tejas as one state---Coahuila y Tejas. Texas could become a single Mexican state after it’s population grew large enough Out of the 12 members of the state legislature that met in Saltillo, Texas could have only 1 Federalists mostly left the American settlers in Texas alone Ch. 7 Review

Mexico Constitution of 1824 In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republicUnited Mexican Statesfederal republic Federal Republic – A federation of states in which affairs of state are a "public matter" not the private concern of the rulers in which public offices are subsequently appointed or elected rather than privately accommodated. POWER OF THE PEOPLE, FOR THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE

Chapter 8; Section 1 The Difficulties Begin ( ) Republic of Fredonia Mier y Teran Law of April 6, 1830

Fredonian Revolt Haden Edwards was awarded a large piece of land as an empresario -- He was allowed to settle 800 families near Nacogdoches When Edwards arrived at his land (in September) he discovered that there were already people living there (many had been there for generations) MINE! No, it’s MINE!! The Political chief in the area sided with the settlers (against Edwards) Edward’s brother, Benjamin, thought the only way to solve the problem was to declare his colony independent from Mexico… so both he AND his brother did! Ack!

-The brothers got armed settlers and took the Old Stone Fort (Dec. 16) -They raised a red and white flag that said, “Independence, Liberty and Justice” -Called it the Republic of Fredonia - The Mexican government (with the help of Stephen F. Austin) sent troops to Nacogdoches to stop the revolt. (January) - Some Fredonians were captured but most of them ran across the Sabine River (border) into the United States … the revolt was over. So...

EVENT:WHEN?WHO?WHERE?WHAT? 1 -Fredonian Revolt December 16, 1826 Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards Armed settlers Nacogdoches Republic of Fredonia Revolted against Mexican government And created republic, Mexican army responds and revolt collapses

The Mexican government wanted to know what the heck was going on in Texas so the sent General Mier y Teran to investigate. Teran told the Mexican government that Texans outnumbered Mexicans in East Texas at least 5 to 1. Worried about the growing American influence in Texas. He also told the government that if they didn’t do something that Texas would be “lost forever.” Effects of the Fredonian Revolt

EVENT:WHEN?WHO?WHERE?WHAT? 1 -Fredonian RevoltDecember 16, 1826 Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards Armed settlers Nacogdoches Republic of Fredonia Revolted against Mexican government And created republic, Mexican army responds and revolt collapses 2 – Mier y Teran Report 1828Inspection party led by General Manuel de Mier y Teran Sent to East Texas Found Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1. Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “lost forever”

Mexico City POWER Centralists – power should be concentrated in the central government of Mexico City LAW OF APRIL 6, 1830 Stopped all immigration from the UNITED STATES Issued a decree (law) abolishing slavery in Mexico (including Texas) Suspended empresario contracts Encouraged immigration from MEXICO AND EUROPE Placed customs duties (taxes) on goods made in foreign countries (the United States) Texans DID NOT like the new laws the Centralists were putting in place. THEY SAID IT VIOLATED THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS (The Constitution of 1824) CENTRALISTS CAME INTO POWER IN 1829

EVENT:WHEN?WHO?WHERE?WHAT? 1 -Fredonian RevoltDecember 16, 1826 Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards Armed settlers Nacogdoches Republic of Fredonia Revolted against Mexican government And created republic, Mexican army responds and revolt collapses 2 – Mier y Teran Report 1828Inspection party led by General Manuel de Mier y Teran Sent to East TexasFound Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1 Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever” 3 -Law of April 6, 1830 Mexican Government Texas Settlers Texas/MexicoStops US immigration, Suspended empresario Contracts, Encourages Mexican and European settlement, set up forts, Discouraged foreign (US) trade

Chapter 8; Section 2 Rebellions!!!!! Anahuac protest Turtle Bayou Resolutions Conventions of 1832 and 1833

1 st Anahuac Conflict Anahuac was a port where the Mexicans would collect taxes on imported goods The taxes were meant to raise money for Mexico and to encourage INTERNAL trade within Mexico (and not always with the US) Juan (John) Bradburn was the Mexican commander at Anahuac Bradburn did not always treat the Texans well… they had several disagreements Finally, in May 1832, after Bradburn arrested William B. Travis and Patrick Jack for interfering with his efforts to enforce the laws, the settlers had had it The Texans demanded Travis’ and Jack’s release… when Bradburn refused, there was a small battle (skirmish) The colonists realized they needed more fire-power so they sent one of the settlers (JOHN Austin) to get a cannon from Brazoria While he was gone…

EVENT:WHEN?WHO?WHERE?WHAT? 1 -Fredonian RevoltDecember 16, 1826 Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards Armed settlers Nacogdoches Republic of Fredonia Revolted against Mexican government And created republic, Mexican army responds and revolt collapses 2 – Mier y Teran Report 1828Inspection party led by General Manuel de Mier y Teran Sent to East TexasFound Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1 Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever” 3 -Law of April 6, 1830 April 6, 1830 Mexican Government Texas Settlers Texas/MexicoStops US immigration, Suspended contracts Encourages European settlement, set up forts, Discouraged foreign trade 4. AnahuacMay 1832 Bradburn-colonistAnahuacBradburn arrests Travis and Jack, 160 settlers marched to Anahuac. Bradburn agreed to release prisoners if settlers retreated, but did not release prisoners

Turtle Bayou Resolutions (June 13, 1832) – The Texans said they were still loyal citizens of Mexico (they were NOT rebelling against Mexican authority) – Supported Santa Anna’s revolt against the Centralists in Mexico (President Bustamante) because they were ignoring the Constitution of 1824 – Santa Anna had said that HE supported the Constitution of 1824

EVENT:WHEN?WHO?WHERE?WHAT? 1 -Fredonian RevoltDecember 16, 1826 Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards Armed settlers Nacogdoches Republic of Fredonia Revolted against Mexican government And created republic, Mexican army responds and revolt collapses 2 – Mier y Teran Report 1828Inspection party led by General Manuel de Mier y Teran Sent to East TexasFound Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1 Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever” 3 -Law of April 6, 1830 April 6, 1830 Mexican Government Texas Settlers Texas/MexicoStops US immigration, Suspended contracts Encourages European settlement, set up forts, Discouraged foreign trade 4. AnahuacMay 1832Bradburn-colonistAnahuacBradburn arrests Travis and Jack, 160 settlers marched To Anahuac, Bradburn agreed to release prisoners if settlers retreated, but did not release prisoners 5 – Turtle Bayou Resolutions June 13, 1832 Settlers and Mexican Government Mexico & Texas Anahuac (Turtle Bayou) Declared loyalty to Mexico and support for Santa Anna

While the colonists at Turtle Bayou (Anahuac) were making nice… John Austin (the guy who went to get the cannon was having problems getting the cannon through the port at Velasco (a different port on the TX coast) Colonel Ugartechea (the Mexican commander at Velasco) thought they were rebels and wouldn’t let them through the port. Fighting followed and there were casualties on both sides. Eventually, the Mexicans ran out of ammunition and surrendered. John Austin made it back to Anahuac (Turtle Bayou) with the cannon only to find out that Travis and Jack had already been set free! Oh well.

EVENT:WHEN?WHO?WHERE?WHAT? 1 -Fredonian RevoltDecember 16, 1826 Haden Edwards Benjamin Edwards Armed settlers Nacogdoches Republic of Fredonia Revolted against Mexican government And created republic, Mexican army responds and revolt collapses 2 – Mier y Teran Report 1828Inspection party led by General Manuel de Mier y Teran Sent to East TexasFound Anglos outnumbered Mexicans 5 to 1 Recommended Mexico act or Texas would be “Lost Forever” 3 -Law of April 6, 1830 April 6, 1830 Mexican Government Texas Settlers Texas/MexicoStops US immigration, Suspended contracts Encourages European settlement, set up forts, Discouraged foreign trade 4. AnahuacMay 1832Bradburn-colonistAnahuacBradburn arrests Travis and Jack, 160 settlers marched To Anahuac, Bradburn agreed to release prisoners if settlers retreated, but did not release prisoners 5 – Turtle Bayou Resolutions June 13, 1832 Settlers and Mexican Government Mexico & Texas Anahuac (Turtle Bayou) Declared loyalty to Mexico and support for Santa Anna 6 - Battle of Velasco June 26, 1832 Col. Domingo de Urgartechea- Mexican Leader John Austin- Texan Leader VelascoMexico surrendered Texians won

Finally in 1833, Santa Anna became president of Mexico… most Texans were happy… because he had declared himself to be a FEDERALIST… he had promised to support the Constitution of 1824… which is what the Texans wanted… I am a Federalist. NO, I am a Centralist

CONVENTIONS OF 1832 (October 1) A meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives or delegates, for discussion of and action on particular matters of common concern Stephen F. Austin was elected president of these conventions Some guy named Sam Houston shows up at the second one Discussed 5 major issues 1.Texas should be made a separate state (no more Coahuila!) 2.Immigration from the U.S. should be allowed again 3.Texans be exempt from certain import taxes 4.They would receive better educational facilities 5.Better protection from the Native Americans

Convention of 1833 (April 1) Adopted similar resolutions to those of the Convention of However, this convention also prepared a constitution for the proposed Mexican state of Texas.

WHO’S GOING TO TELL SANTA ANNA? The delegates decided to send Stephen F. Austin to Mexico to present their resolutions to Mexico City He left right after the convention, in April 1833

EVENT:WHEN?WHO?WHERE?WHAT? 7 - Convention of 1832 October 1, delegatesSan FelipeColonist request Texas a separate Mexican state, immigration be allowed, Resolutions were drawn, but not presented 8. Convention of 1833 April 1, 1833 Delegates (Included Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston) San FelipeAdopted resolutions. Wrote Constitution. Austin took this to Mexico City

Chapter 8; Section 3 Increased Tensions Cholera epidemic Stephen F. Austin imprisoned General Cos Consultation of 1835

Cholera Epidemic in Mexico City In July 1833, Austin arrives in Mexico City as a cholera epidemic is sweeping through the city Austin’s meeting with Santa Anna is delayed because Santa Anna had left Mexico City… he did not want to be in the city while so many people were dying of cholera Austin gets frustrated (he had been waiting for 3 months) and writes a letter to the delegates in San Antonio telling them to go ahead and form their own government In November, Santa Anna finally meets with Austin and agrees to some of the resolutions… mainly doing away with the law restricting immigration

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by the feces (waste product) of an infected personbacteriumVibrio cholerae diarrheavomitingfeces

Austin gets thrown in prison Austin leaves Mexico City in December 1833 to head back to Texas In the meanwhile, the Mexican authorities in Saltillo had read Austin’s letter to the delegates in Texas… they weren’t too happy… Austin is arrested in January 1834 and sent BACK to Mexico City Texans were appalled… they asked for Austin’s release…

After being imprisoned for 1 ½ years, Austin was finally given his freedom in July of 1835… he got back to Texas that September – over 2 years since leaving!!!

While Austin was in Prison The cholera epidemic also killed colonists; including 8 members of Austin’s family In the Fall of 1833, malaria also hit the colonists due to heavy rains in East Texas 1834 was better because reforms Santa Anna promised began – –English became official language –Immigrants from U.S. were allowed in –Improved courts –Increased number of Texas representatives in the state legislature of Coahuila –Religious tolerance was granted

In early 1835, trouble began again in Anahuac! The Texans were complaining about how the taxes at Anahuac were being collected unfairly. Several Texans were thrown in jail. ANOTHER battle was started and the Mexican official at Anahuac was forced to surrender and leave Texas! Some Texans disagreed with what the Texans had done and wrote a letter of apology to General Martin Perfecto de Cos, Santa Anna’s brother-in-law and commander of the Mexican forces in Coahuila. “Apology NOT accepted!” He arrested the offending Texans (including Lorenzo de Zavala) Oh yeah… BTW Santa Anna has become an evil Centralist

Consultation of 1835 August 15, 1835, leaders in the town of Columbia issued a call for a convention so people could discuss the situation with Cos and Santa Anna. This convention was known as the CONSULTATION and was held at Washington-on-the-Brazos on October 15. Colonists had mixed opinions -- War Party Thought Santa Anna had become a dictator (not good) and war was their only option Peace Party Thought war should be avoided at all costs and war should be avoided at all costs

“War is our only recourse. There is not other remedy. We must defend our rights, ourselves, and our country by force of arms.” Stephen F. Austin