Developing Instructional Lessons Abbas Johari, Ph.D. September 27, 1999 © 1999, All Rights Reserved.

Developing Instructional Lessons Macro Events of InstructionMacro Events of Instruction Micro Organization & DesignMicro Organization & Design Coherence Coherence Editing Editing Style Style

Macro: Events of Instruction A -- Analyze Learners S -- State Objectives S -- Select Methods, Media, & Materials U -- Utilize Media & Materials R -- Require Learner Participation E -- Evaluation & Revise The ASSURE Model The ASSURE Model

Macro: Events of Instruction A -- Students, trainers, teachers, etc. S -- What the learner will be able to do S -- Built a bridge between A & S U -- Plan how the materials will be used R -- Active mental engagement E -- Asses student’s LEARNING The ASSURE Model The ASSURE Model

Macro: Events of Instruction 1. Gaining Attention 2. Informing Learners of Lesson Objective 3. Stimulating Recall of Prior Knowledge 4. Presenting Stimuli with Distinctive Features 5. Guiding Learning 6. Eliciting Performance

Macro: Events of Instruction 7. Providing Informative Feedback 8. Assessing Performance 9. Enhancing Retention and Learning Transfer The Gagne’s Model The Gagne’s Model

Macro: Events of Instruction Gaining AttentionGaining Attention Stating ObjectivesStating Objectives Recalling Prior KnowledgeRecalling Prior Knowledge Presenting StimuliPresenting Stimuli Guiding LearningGuiding Learning Eliciting PerformanceEliciting Performance Providing FeedbackProviding Feedback Conducting AssessmentConducting Assessment Facilitating TransferFacilitating Transfer >Alertness >Expectancy >Retrieval >Selective Perception >Semantic Encoding >Retrieval >Reinforcement >Retrieval >Generalization

Micro: Text Organization Increase Readability, Emphasis, and Appeal White SpaceWhite Space HeadingsHeadings TypographyTypography

White Space: Purpose Shows Text Organization VisuallyShows Text Organization Visually Signals the End of One Section and the Beginning of the Next,Signals the End of One Section and the Beginning of the Next, Emphasizes Important Ideas by Isolating ThemEmphasizes Important Ideas by Isolating Them Allows Presentation of Ideas in More Manageable Bits.Allows Presentation of Ideas in More Manageable Bits.

To Increase White Space Use Paragraphs Averaging Words, Five Sentences, or 1.5 inches of Single SpaceUse Paragraphs Averaging Words, Five Sentences, or 1.5 inches of Single Space Vary the Length of the ParagraphsVary the Length of the Paragraphs Write Paragraphs with a Topic Sentence and Support Sentences, and Eliminate RepetitionWrite Paragraphs with a Topic Sentence and Support Sentences, and Eliminate Repetition Use ListsUse Lists

Headings & Subheadings Should Make Sense on Their OwnShould Make Sense on Their Own Should Capture the Essence of the Idea(s)Should Capture the Essence of the Idea(s)

Typography: Purpose & Usage Bold, Italics, Underlining, Fonts, Size, Capitals Use for Important Ideas OnlyUse for Important Ideas Only Be ConsistentBe Consistent Choose Serif Fonts for Extended TextChoose Serif Fonts for Extended Text Choose Sans Serif Fonts for Short Phrases, Examples, etc. (They are less formal)Choose Sans Serif Fonts for Short Phrases, Examples, etc. (They are less formal)

Coherence, Editing, & Style Provide Logical Flow by Opening and Closing TransitionsProvide Logical Flow by Opening and Closing Transitions Make Writing Concise by Avoiding Wordiness and Overlong SentencesMake Writing Concise by Avoiding Wordiness and Overlong Sentences ( e.g., if instead of in the event that) ( e.g., if instead of in the event that) Make Tone AppropriateMake Tone Appropriate ( e.g., conversational or formal, active or passive) ( e.g., conversational or formal, active or passive)

Procedure Writing Present in Simple Steps and in OrderPresent in Simple Steps and in Order Write the Steps in a Numbered ListWrite the Steps in a Numbered List Use Time or Sequence Words such as First and ThenUse Time or Sequence Words such as First and Then Divide the Steps in Groups if More than 10Divide the Steps in Groups if More than 10 Use Action VerbsUse Action Verbs

Summary For Developing Instructional Lessons: For Developing Instructional Lessons: Use Events of Instruction to Ensure Instructional AdequacyUse Events of Instruction to Ensure Instructional Adequacy Use Text Organization Guidelines Including Desktop Publishing Strategies to Ensure Cosmetic AdequacyUse Text Organization Guidelines Including Desktop Publishing Strategies to Ensure Cosmetic Adequacy

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