MUSCLES!!
3 Types of Muscles Smooth Cardiac Skeletal
Smooth Muscle No striations Single nucleus No/underdeveloped transverse tubules Involuntary Contracts in waves called peristalsis
Peristalsis Educational: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18UycWRsaA
Cardiac Muscle Like skeletal muscle but found only in the heart Mononucleated Involuntary Well developed transverse tubule system Contracts as a unit
Skeletal Muscles Move bones at joints Voluntary Striated Multiple nuclei Transverse tubules systems– WELL DEVELOPED
Structure of a muscle Know this!
Myofilaments Within each myofibril are myofilament. Filaments: Actin: Thin Myosin: Thick When a muscle contracts, actin slides past the myosin, shortening the sarcomere.
Tropomyosin-troponin complex Calcium is like a key. Tropomyosin is like a chain around your bike tires Troponin is the lock attached to the chain. The tires are the crossbridge of actin and myosin The pedals are like ATP
The Sarcomere: The functional unit of the muscle
Sliding Filament Theory
Neuromuscular Junction Where the terminal button of the motor neuron meets the motor endplate of the muscle. Includes the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine (ACh)is the neurotransmitter for muscles. The synaptic vesicles release ACh into the synapse where it stimulates ACh receptors on the muscle fiber to begin contraction.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions Calcium binds to the actin filaments sites, opening them. Myosin heads form cross bridges with actin at the binding site. Cocked position -> Power stroke ATP binds to cross bridge, releasing myosin from the actin ATP breakdown provides energy to “cock” unattached myosin cross bridge. Process repeats as long as there is ATP and calcium available.
Energy Supply Myofibrils need oxygen for cellular respiration, which creates a lot of ATP. Muscles can also use creatine phosphate to make ATP. Glycolysis does not need oxygen but only makes a small amount of ATP. A by-product of this reaction is lactic acid.
Muscle Conditions Muscle fatigue: Lactic acid build up Muscle cramps: A lack of ATP. Soreness : Rips in the muscle.
Slow oxidative twitch Slow-oxidative twitch muscles have a protein called myoglobin which temporarily holds oxygen. This makes the muscle look dark or red. That way, slow-oxidative twitch is used for aerobic long distance exercise.
Fast Twitch Glycolytic Uses glycolysis. White meat because few myoglobin proteins Short distance, anaerobic Less mitochondria
Fast twitch oxidative In the middle of slow twitch oxidative and fast twitch glycolytic Well vascularized Pink meat
Types of Contractions Isotonic: Change in length Concentric: Shortening of the distance (flexing) Excentric: Elongating muscle (extending) Isometric: Change in force Tetanus Fused: Smooth contraction Unfused: Shaky contraction
Disease Myasthenia Gravis (MG): Autoimmune disorder that attacks receptors for ACh at neuromuscular junctions. Symptoms: Abnormal muscle weakness (esp. facial muscles), chronic fatigue, trouble breathing
Things to ponder Do all muscles have fascia? Discuss with class