Karl Marx Wrote the Communist Manifesto in

Communism A political and economic ideology –Government ownership of all land and property –A classless society where wealth is distributed according to people’s needs –A single political party controlled by the government –The country’s needs are always more important than the individual 2

Video: The Origins of Communism and Socialism 6:00

Bolsheviks Communists rebels who overthrew the Russian government in Nov Russian word for “majority” Led by Vladimir Lenin Their emblem was a red flag Their army was called the Red Army 3

Vladimir Lenin –Leader of 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

Video: Lenin’s Early Life and Political Activity 9:52

Lenin dies in 1924 – Body encased in glass mausoleum

Lenin’s embalmed body

The Red Scare An intense fear of communism and other radical political ideas that spread through the U.S. in the 1920’s Triggered by Communist take-over of Russia and Hungary and labor strikes in the U.S. Suspected communists were arrested and charged with sedition Many were jailed, removed from office, or exiled 4

Sedition Any action or language that incites rebellion against the authority of the government 5

The Red Scare: Democracy in danger?

Anarchists People who oppose any form of political authority 6

The Palmer Raids January, 1920 Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer Justice Department conducted a series of raids to arrest “radicals” and “subversives” Over 6,000 people arrested Many immigrants and aliens No search or arrest warrants Some detained without being charged 100’s deported 7

Video: The Red Scare and the Palmer Raids 2:49

Bartolomeo Vanzetti & Nicola Sacco

Sacco-Vanzetti Trial April 1920 – Braintree, MA Guard and paymaster at a shoe factory were robbed and killed 2 Italian immigrants were arrested Convicted and sentenced to death Many believed that it was fear of their radical anarchist political beliefs that led to an unfair verdict April Both were electrocuted after years of appeals 8

The guilty verdict was protested internationally

4:56 Video: Sacco and Vanzetti – and other Post-war Intolerance

A mob in Mexico protests the execution

Folk Singer, Woodie Guthrie, Sings “The Ballad of Sacco and Vanzetti”

How did American business owners keep American workers from violently rejecting capitalism for socialism

Welfare Capitalism In order to prevent more labor strikes, employers began to improve conditions by offering  Higher wages  Paid vacations  Health insurance  English classes 9

Warren G. Harding 29 th President 1921 – 1923 Republican From Ohio Campaign called for a return to “normalcy” 10

Video: “Normalcy” 1:21

“Normalcy” Harding’s suggestion that the U.S. wished to return to a calm, normal way of life after the stressful events of the previous decade, such as Progressivism, World War I, and the Red Scare 11

Harding’s Policies Isolationism – U.S. would not join the League of Nations Disarmament – nations should voluntarily give up their weapons Immigration restrictions Tariffs raised to protect American business from foreign competition 12

Teapot Dome Scandal Harding’s Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, gave drilling rights on government owned naval oil fields in Wyoming to 2 private oil companies Received nearly $400,000 illegally No evidence that Harding was involved Fall was fined $100,000 and sentenced to a year in prison 13

Teapot Dome, Wyoming Teapot Rock Teapot Dome Navel Oil Fields

Whom is this cartoonist blaming for the Teapot Dome scandal?

Calvin Coolidge 30 th President Republican Massachusetts VP under Harding - Takes office when Harding dies in Aug continued

Calvin Coolidge A man of few words – “Silent Cal” “The chief business of the American people is business.” Took a laissez-faire approach to business The government should leave business alone and let it grow 14

Kellogg-Briand Pact Agreement written by U.S. Secretary of State, Kellogg, and French Foreign Minister, Briand 60 nations pledged not to use the threat of war against each other 15

Consumer Economy An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers 16

Larger profits for business Wages for workers increase People consume products Consumer Economy Cycle 17

GNP Increased Gross National Product The measure of a country’s productivity The total value of goods and services produced annually 18

New Electric Gadgets Available to the American Consumer Radios Toasters Vacuum cleaners Sewing machines Refrigerators Coffee pots Ovens Irons

1920’s General Electric Electric Range

Electric refrigerators replaced “iceboxes”

Catalogs sold everything for the home... including the home

And what was the greatest invention of the age?

Henry Ford 1896 – invented the quadricycle 1899 – started the Detroit Automobile Company – made 22 cars 1900 – business failed 19 continued

Henry Ford 1901 – There were over 50 companies making cars, but only the wealthy could afford them Ford wanted to “democratize the automobile” by making them cheaper 1903 – Started the Ford Motor Company Mass produced the Model T using assembly line production 19

How did Henry Ford convince investors to back his plan to produce cheap reliable cars after his first venture had failed? Question -

Answer Ford, at the age of 38, entered a race against the most famous racer in the country, Alexander Winton. Winton’s “Bullet” had 70 horsepower. Ford’s “Sweepstakes” had 26 horsepower.

In a 10 lap race, Ford came from behind in the 7th lap to beat Winton by a wide margin. Ford’s car had averaged 45 mph. What made the difference? The Outcome

Winton’s car began to misfire badly, but Ford’s car had a spark coil insulated with a porcelain case designed by a dentist. (The forerunner of the spark plug) Ford won $1000 and a punch bowl, and found financial backers for his new car company.

Ford gaining on Winton in Oct race in Grosse Point, MI Ford (the man) Ford (the car)

Henry Ford’s “Sweepstakes” 2 cylinders – 539 cubic inches – 26 hp – top speed 72 mph

Ford and the 1921 Model T

Assembly Line A process in which each worker completes a single specific task in the production process At the end of the line, the product is complete It took 93 minutes to build a Model T In 1923, a Model T came off the assembly line every 10 seconds 20

Video: The Model T & Ford’s Assembly Line 100 year anniversary in :00

Model T – 15 million sold between 1908 and Model

1923 Ford Grain Truck

Video: Working at the Ford Rouge Plant in Detroit Part 1 4:30

Video: Working at the Ford Rouge Plant in Detroit Part 2 7:00

How did Americans afford all these new toys

Installment Plans Manufacturers attracted consumers by allowing payments over time Items most likely bought on credit: – Cars – Furniture – Vacuum cleaners, radios, refrigerators – Washing machines 21

Speculation The practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of getting a huge return The rapid rise of stock prices throughout the 1920’s convinced people that they could “get rich quick” 22

Buying on Margin Common people with little money would buy stocks by putting 10 – 50 percent down and borrowing the rest owed If the stocks went down in price, the investor still owed the full amount for them plus the interest on the loan 23

Herbert Hoover 31 st President 1929 – 1933 Republican New York Continued to keep government out of business 24