Turkey and the European Union: Problems and Prospects Nicosia, June 11 th 2009 ‘The EU and the Democratization Process in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities’

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Turkey and the European Union: Problems and Prospects Nicosia, June 11 th 2009 ‘The EU and the Democratization Process in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities’ Elena Baracani, PhD EFSPS Post Doc Researcher Istituto Italiano di Scienze Umane, Florence

The EU and the Democratization Process in Turkey: Challenges and Opportunities Strategies of democracy promotion EU democracy promotion in an historical perspective EU strategy of democracy promotion EU and democracy promotion in Turkey Challegens and opportunities for both the EU and Turkey Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 2

1.Models of democracy promotion Strategies of Democracy Promotion 2.Models of democracy promoted thin conception of democracy thick conception of democracy Source: author ’ s elaboration Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 3

EU Democracy Promotion in an Historical Perspective 1962 Birkelbach Report first standards on democracy among prospective members 1992 Maastricht ‘development and consolidation of democracy’ becomes one of the objectives of its CFSP 1993 Copenhagen membership of the EU is formally conditioned to democracy 1997 Luxemburg the enhanced pre-accession strategy allows the EU to implement its political conditionality and move from indirect to direct leverage 2003 European Security Strategy ‘[o]ur task is to promote a ring of well-governed countries to the East of the European Union and on the borders of the Mediterranean’ Source: author ’ s elaboration Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 4

MODEL OF DEMOCRACY PROMOTION: ‘democratization through integration’ MODEL OF DEMOCRACY PROMOTED: from the promotion of a formal democracy (thin conception) to the promotion of a more substantive democracy (thick conception) EU Strategy of Democracy Promotion Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 5

European Commission democracy assistance EC ODA for Government and Civil Society (Commitments – million constant USD 2005) Source: data come from OECD Aid activity (author ’ s calculations) Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 6

7

EU and democracy promotion in Turkey EU DEMOCRATIC ANCHORING ON TURKEY : -Institutional links -Economic assistance -Political conditions Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 8

Institutional links 1963Ankara Agreement (art. 28) 1987Application for membership 1989European Commission negative opinion 1995Customs Union 1997Luxemburg EC: rebuttal of candidacy 1999Helsinki EC: approval of candidacy 2002Copenhagen EC: Postponement of decision on upgrading Turkey’s applicant status 2004Decision to open accession negotiations 2005Opening of accession negotiations 2006Continued dispute over Cyprus prompts EU to freeze talks on eight chapters and state no chapter would be closed until a resolution is found Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 9 Source: author ’ s elaboration

Economic assistance (1) EC first donor Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 10

Economic assistance (2) EC economic assistance per capita Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 11

Economic assistance (3) EC economic assistance for democratization Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 12 Source: Elena Baracani (2009) : ‘EU Democratic Rule of Law Promotion’, in A. Magen and L. Morlino (eds) International Actors, Democratization and the Rule of Law: Anchoring Democracy, London: Routledge, p. 83

Political conditions DEMOCRACY AND RULE OF LAW JUDICIARY (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) CIVIL CONTROL OF THE MILITARY (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (AP 2006) LOCAL GOVERNMENT (AP 2006) FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION (AP 2006) HUMAN RIGHTS AND MINORITY RIGHTS DEATH PENALTY (AP 2001) TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) CIVIL FREEDOMS (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) NON DISCRIMINATION (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) SOUTH EAST (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) CULTURAL RIGHTS (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS CYPRUS PROBLEM (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) BORDER DISPUTES (APS 2001, 2003, 2006) Nicosia, June 11th 2009, Elena Baracani 13 Source: author ’ s elaboration

Challenges and Oppurtunities both for Turkey and the EU