Chapter 15 NUTRITION FROM INFANCY TO ADOLESCENCE

What are Canadian Children Eating? CCHS found that the diets of Canadian children and youth are not as healthy as they could be. The Canadian Healthy Eating Index scores for the diets of Canadian children and youth show that younger children have higher average scores that decline with adolescence. About 25% of adolescents score less than 50. The low scores are due to an inadequate number of servings of fruits and vegetables, milk and alternatives, and grain products. Saturated fat and sodium intake are higher than desirable. 20% of children and 30% of adolescents consume kcalories in excess of their needs. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

What are Canadian Children Eating? CCHS indicates that 20% of children and 40% of adolescents consume food purchased at fast food outlets. The Canadian Health Measures Surveys (CMHS) found that fitness levels have declined. The proportion of obese or overweight children and youth has double since Childhood obesity increases risk for chronic disease. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Diet-Related Disease Conditions in Children High-kcalorie, high-saturated fat diets combined with low-activity lifestyles can lead to the following: Obesity Type 2 diabetes Elevated serum cholesterol Heart disease Hypertension Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Monitoring Children’s Growth Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Monitoring Children’s Growth Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Energy and Protein Needs for Children Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Reading Labels of Foods for Young Children The labels of foods designed for young children must follow different rules. Examples of changes made to labels for children under 2 years:  under Nutrient Facts, fat must be listed as total fat  the label must not have a nutrient claim about a food’s nutrient content or health effects  nutrient content claims are allowed for protein, sodium and sugar content  there may be claims that describe the percentage of vitamins or minerals that apply to the Daily Values  absence of percentage Daily Value for total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, total carbohydrate, fibre and sodium  percentages of Daily Value for vitamins and minerals are shown Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Typical Meal Patterns for Infants Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Food Allergies and Food Intolerances Food allergies are more common in infants than in adults. Exposure to an allergen for the first time causes the immune system to produce antibodies to that allergen. Allergy symptoms include sneezing, rash, eczema, hives, cramps, aches, vomiting, asthma, diarrhea and many others. Allergy symptoms may be immediate or take up to 24 hours to appear. Allergy symptoms may range from mild to life-threatening. Food intolerances do not cause antibody production. Food intolerances create problems during digestion. Lactose intolerance, an inability to digest milk sugar, is an example of a food intolerance. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Food Allergies Labels must indicate whether the product contains any of the top 8 food allergens: milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat and soy. This is most often done by listing allergens at the end of the ingredient list after the word “Contains.” Should their be a possibility of cross contamination, the label will contain a statement to warn consumers beginning with “may contain” or “not suitable for.” Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Canada’s Food Guide Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Meal Patterns for Children of Different Ages Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Healthy Snacks for Young Children Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Nutrition and Health Concerns in Children A number of diet and lifestyle factors put children at risk for illness and malnutrition. They can include: Dental caries Lead toxicity Hyperactivity Childhood obesity Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

What Can Be Done to Reduce Lead Exposure Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Preventing Childhood Obesity Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Types of Foods Advertised Saturday Morning Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Canadian Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative The principles promoted by this initiative include:  to advertise only healthy dietary choices to children under 12  to include only healthy foods in interactive games directed to children under 12  to not place food and beverage products in children’s programming  to not advertise in elementary schools Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Fitness for Children Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Fitness For Children Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Lean Body Mass in Adolescent Males Versus Females Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Dietary Concerns for Teenagers CCHS findings:  Boys and girls aged 9 to 18 did not have adequate intake of Vitamin A  Girls 14 to 18 had low intake of B6, folate and B12  12% of adolescent girls were not meeting their iron requirements  70% of girls aged 9 to 13 years and 30% of boys aged 14 to 18 years were not meeting their requirements for calcium  15% of girls aged 9 to 13 and 20% of girls aged 14 to 18 were not meeting their zinc requirements Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Dietary Concerns for Teenagers (continued) Teenagers’ inadequate vitamin A intake is due to their not meeting the recommended number of servings for fruits and vegetables. Girls’ inadequate iron intake is due to their need for more iron. Girls tend to eat fewer iron-rich foods and consume fewer overall kcalories. Teenagers’ inadequate calcium intake is due to their increased consumption of soft drinks. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Dietary Concerns for Teenagers (continued) Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Dietary Concerns for Adolescents Adolescence is a time of independence and changed behaviors. Dietary choices in adolescence can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Adolescents may be making decisions about: Vegetarianism Eating for appearance and/or performance Smoking Alcohol use Oral contraceptive use Teenage pregnancy Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Meeting Adolescents’ Nutrient Needs Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.

Copyright Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.