November 30, 2006 Space Telescope Science Institute Conference Scott “Doc” Horowitz Associate Administrator NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate Scott “Doc” Horowitz Associate Administrator NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate

2 A Bold Vision for Space Exploration The Administrator shall establish a program to develop a sustained human presence on the Moon, including a robust precursor program to promote exploration, science, commerce and U.S. preeminence in space, and as a stepping stone to future exploration of Mars and other destinations. NASA Authorization Act of 2005 Complete the International Space Station Safely fly the Space Shuttle until 2010 Develop and fly the Crew Exploration Vehicle no later than 2014 Return to the Moon no later than 2020 Extend human presence into the solar system Implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic program Develop supporting innovative technologies, knowledge, and infrastructures Promote international and commercial participation in exploration Complete the International Space Station Safely fly the Space Shuttle until 2010 Develop and fly the Crew Exploration Vehicle no later than 2014 Return to the Moon no later than 2020 Extend human presence into the solar system Implement a sustained and affordable human and robotic program Develop supporting innovative technologies, knowledge, and infrastructures Promote international and commercial participation in exploration

3 Lunar Lander Development Lunar Heavy Launch Development Earth Departure Stage Development Surface Systems Development Orion Development ARES I Launch Vehicle Development Commercial Crew/Cargo for ISS Space Shuttle Operations Lunar Outpost Buildup Initial Orion (CEV) Capability Orion Production and Operations Lunar Robotic Missions Mars Expedition Design Note: Specific dates and milestones not yet established. CEV/CLV availability planned for as close to 2010 as possible, but NLT Return to the moon as early as 2018, but NLT st Human Flight Aboard Orion 7th Human Lunar Landing Early Design Activity Exploration Roadmap Science Robotic Missions

4 The Moon - the 1st Step to Mars and Beyond…. Extending operational experience in a hostile planetary environment Developing capabilities needed for opening the space frontier Preparing for human exploration of Mars Science operations and discovery Enabling international, commercial and scientific goals for the development and use of the moon Extending operational experience in a hostile planetary environment Developing capabilities needed for opening the space frontier Preparing for human exploration of Mars Science operations and discovery Enabling international, commercial and scientific goals for the development and use of the moon Next Step in Fulfilling Our Destiny As Explorers

5 Provides continuous U.S. human space flight U.S. system that can service the International Space Station Significant advancement over Apollo Minimum of two lunar missions per year Provides a 125 metric ton launch vehicle for lunar and later Mars missions and beyond Higher ascent crew safety than the Space Shuttle Requirements-driven technology program Fits within the current budget A Safe, Accelerated, Affordable and Sustainable Approach

6 The safest, most reliable and most affordable means of meeting crew requirements is a system derived from Space Shuttle components 125 metric ton lift capacity required to minimize on-orbit assembly and complexity – increasing mission success How We Plan to Return to the Moon Launch System Ares I Ares V

7 Project Orion Spacecraft Adapter – structural transition to launch vehicle Crew Module – crew and cargo transport Service Module – propulsion, electrical power, fluids storage Orion consists of four functional modules Orion consists of four functional modules Launch Abort System -- emergency escape during launch

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9 Building on a Foundation of Proven Technologies - Launch Vehicle Comparisons - Crew Lander S-IVB (1 J-2 engine) 240k lb Lox/LH 2 S-II (5 J-2 engines) 1M lb LOx/LH 2 S-IC (5 F-1) 3.9M lb LOx/RP Lunar Lander Earth Departure Stage (EDS) (1 J-2X) 499k lb LOx/LH 2 Core Stage (5 RS-68 Engines) 3.1M lb LOx/LH 2 Upper Stage (1 J-2X) 280k lb LOx/LH 2 5-Segment Reusable Solid Rocket Booster (RSRB) Space Shuttle Ares I Ares VSaturn V Height: ft Gross Liftoff Mass: 4.5M lb 55k lbm to LEO Height: 321 ft Gross Liftoff Mass: 2.0M lb 48k lbm to LEO Height: 358 ft Gross Liftoff Mass: 7.3M lb 117k lbm to TLI 144k lbm to TLI in Dual- Launch Mode with Ares I 290k lbm to LEO Height: 364 ft Gross Liftoff Mass: 6.5M lb 99k lbm to TLI 262k lbm to LEO 5-Segment 2 RSRB’s Overall Vehicle Height, ft.

10 What is a ‘Global Exploration Strategy’? Kicked off in April 06 with a workshop A strategy for exploration with an initial focus on the Moon, that encompasses the interests of many participants including International space agencies, academia, and commercial investors Not a definition of “how” we will explore - but “what” and “why” A blueprint of exploration objectives A plan that identifies the time-phasing of the accomplishment of enabling and interdependent objectives

11 Exploration Strategy Themes Use the Moon to prepare for future human and robotic missions to Mars and other destinations Pursue scientific activities to address fundamental questions about the solar system, the universe, and our place in them Extend sustained human presence to the moon to enable eventual settlement Expand Earth’s economic sphere to encompass the Moon and pursue lunar activities with direct benefits to life on Earth Strengthen existing and create new global partnerships Engage, inspire, and educate the public

12 Promising Sites South Pole: Three areas identified with sunlight for more than 50% of lunar day One zone receives 70% illumination during dead of southern winter Lit areas in close proximity to permanent darkness (rim of Shackleton) North Pole: Three areas identified with 100% sunlight Two zones are proximate to craters in permanent shadow Data taken during northern summer (maximum sunlight) Data obtained during southern winter (maximum darkness) Data obtained during northern summer (maximum sunlight) South Pole North Pole

13 Robotic Precursor Missions Provide early information for human missions –Key knowledge needed for human safety and mission success - risk reduction for later human elements –Infrastructure elements for eventual human benefit Resolve the many unknowns at the North and South Poles –Knowledge of the environment – temperatures, lighting –Resources/deposits – composition and physical nature –Terrain and surface properties - dust characterization –Support infrastructure – navigation/communication, beacons Enable capable and sustainable exploration –Surface systems and Operations –Science, commercial interests, and international partnering “Starting no later than 2008, initiate a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare for and support future human exploration activities”, NPSD-31

14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Launch Date October 2008 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): Lunar mapping, topography, radiation characterization, and volatile identification 50 km polar orbit Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS): Investigate the presence of water at the South Pole via a kinetic impactor and shepherding spacecraft LCROSS LRO