JIBO HE, JASON S. MCCARLEY Mind Wandering Behind the Wheel 1 JIBO HE, JASON S. MCCARLEY 4/21/2017 1

Driver distraction/ inattention 2 We contend lots of distraction when we drive, such as secondary tasks, eg., cell phone, in-vehicle entertainment, and also cognitive distraction, such as , mind wandering. 4/21/2017 2

Secondary-task distraction 3 Language production reduces the deviation of lane position. (Brown, Tickner, & Simmonds, 1969) In both experiments, concurrent production yielded better control of lane position relative to single-task performance; concurrent comprehension had little impact on control of lane position. 4/21/2017

Secondary-task distraction 4 Word generation task increases pursuit tracking error. (Strayer & Johnson, 2001) 4/21/2017

Secondary-task distraction 5 Visual and spatial imaginary task decreases visual inspection window size. (Recarte & Nunes, 2000) 4/21/2017

Mind-wandering is distracting too Source: Regan, Lee, Young (2008) 4/21/2017

Mind-wandering is distracting too Source: Regan, Lee, Young (2008) 4/21/2017

Mind-wandering is distracting too 8 Poor drivers experience more cognitive failures (Larson, Alderton, Neideffer, & Underhill, 1997; Larson & Merritt, 1991) High risk drivers tend to mind wander (Violanti & Marshall, 1996) 4/21/2017 8

What’s mind wandering? Attention lapse Absent-minded lapse 9 Attention lapse Absent-minded lapse Spontaneous cognitive event Daydreaming Stimulus-independent thought Intrusive thought Task unrelated thought Spontaneous thought Everybody knows what is mind wandering. Here is a mind wandering picture. According to Sayette et al (2009), after drinking alcohol, you are more likely to mind-wandering, and do not even aware that you are mindless. “Alcohol increases mind wandering while simultaneously reducing the likelihood of noticing one's mind wandering.” 4/21/2017 9

What’s mind wandering? A decoupled spontaneous mental state 10 A decoupled spontaneous mental state Executive attention is directed away from current task and context (Smallwood & Schooler, 2006; Smallwood, et al., 2008; Antrobus, et al., 1970) Focuses on self-relevant concerns (Klinger, 1999, 2009) 4/21/2017 10

Mind wandering utilizes central executive 11 Mind Wanders more frequently in practiced task (Teasdale, et al., 1995) 4/21/2017

Mind wandering utilizes central executive 12 Mind wanders more frequently under low information presentation rates (Antrobus, 1968) 4/21/2017

Mind wandering utilizes central executive 13 Mind wandering activated the default network region and executive network region (Christoff et al., 2009) 4/21/2017

Mind wandering impairs performance 14 Reduced brain activity prior mind wandering (Smallwood, et al, 2008) 4/21/2017

Mind wandering impairs performance 15 Mind wandering impairs Signal detection (Robertson,et al., 1997) Reading comprehension (Schooler, et al., 2005) Vigilance (Giambra, 1995) Memory (Carriere, et al., 2008) Driving involves Signal detection Vigilance 4/21/2017

Mind wandering impairs performance 16 Cognitive distraction impairs driving Working memory task (Alm & Nilsson, 1995; Briem & Hedman, 1995) Mental arithmetic tasks (McKnight & McKnight, 1993) Sentence judgment task (Brown, Tickner, & Simmonds, 1969) Word generation task (Strayer & Johnston, 2001) Visual and spatial imaginary task (Recarte & Nunes, 2000) Secondly, various secondary-task distractions analogous to mind wandering--- for example, working memory task (Alm & Nilsson, 1995; Briem & Hedman, 1995), mental arithmetic tasks (McKnight & McKnight, 1993), reasoning task (Brown, Tickner, & Simmonds, 1969), word generation task (Strayer & Johnston, 2001), visual and spatial imaginary task (Recarte & Nunes, 2000)--- are known to impair driving performance. 4/21/2017 16

Mind wandering impairs performance 17 Mind wandering causes longer fixation duration, and more erratic eye scanning patterns (Reichle, Reineberg, & Schooler, 2010) 4/21/2017

Mind wandering impairs driving ? Source: Regan, Lee, Young (2008) 4/21/2017

Research Purpose Does mind wandering impair driving? 4/21/2017

Experiment Design 2 * 2 Within subject design 18 subjects Driving difficulty: no vs. high wind Mental state: attentive vs. mind wandering 18 subjects 11 female, 7 male Age : M= 22, SD = 3.3 follow lead car, with trailing car behind you 4/21/2017 20

Experiment Design Self-report of mental state (Smallwood & Schooler, 2006) “Press the button when you find yourself zoning-out” Dependent measures Eye movement Lateral and longitudinal vehicle control follow lead car, with trailing car behind you 4/21/2017 21

High fidelity driving simulator 4/21/2017

Boring and Easy Routes (a). Perspective view (b). Orthographic view A boring task makes mind wander (a). Perspective view (b). Orthographic view Kane, Brown, McVay, Silvia, Myin-Germeys, & Kwapil, 2007 4/21/2017

Hypothesis Mind wandering frequency Lateral vehicle control 24 Mind wandering frequency Lateral vehicle control Lane position Longitudinal vehicle control Velocity Coherence analysis Eye scanning patterns Eye position # of mirror checking 4/21/2017

Mind Wandering Frequency 25 4/21/2017

Lateral vehicle control 26 4/21/2017

Longitudinal vehicle control 27 4/21/2017

Longitudinal vehicle control 28 Coherence analysis of velocity (Brookhuis, Karel , De Waard, Dick and Mulder, Ben, 1994) Coherence coupling Phase shift Delay to adapt Modulus Response gain 4/21/2017

Longitudinal vehicle control 29 4/21/2017

Standard deviation of horizontal eye position 30 4/21/2017

# of mirror checking 31 4/21/2017

Summary Performance changes for mindless driving 32 Performance changes for mindless driving Poorer longitudinal vehicle control Shift of lane position Reduced visual inspection window # of mirror checking 4/21/2017

Discussions Poorer car following performance Shift of lane position 33 Mind-wandering Secondary-task distraction Poorer car following performance Shift of lane position Reduced visual inspection window # of mirror checking Increased headway distance and decreased speed (Alm & Nilsson, 1995). No change (Alm & Nilsson, 1995) or better lateral vehicle control (Kubose, et al., 2006) Narrowing of visual attention Frequency of mirror checks (Recarte & Nunes, 2000, 2003) 4/21/2017

Discussions Intentional compensation Unconscious compensation ? 34 Mind-wandering Secondary-task distraction Intentional compensation Unconscious compensation ? Intentional compensation? Unconscious compensation 4/21/2017

Further study Research questions Methods 35 Research questions Will mindless driving impair longitudinal vehicle control (eg. headway distance, velocity etc.) ? Will performance differ for mind wandering inside vs. outside of awareness? Methods Car following paradigm without trailing vehicle Probe-caught vs. self-caught mind wandering. “tuning out”— i.e., when your mind wanders and you know it all along. “zoning out”—i.e., when your mind wanders, but you don’t realize this until you catch it. 4/21/2017 35

Conclusions 4/21/2017

Thank You 4/21/2017