Goal 2 Part 5 Westward Expansion ( ) Texas Annexation (1845) Mexican War( )

VERY IMPORTANT INVENTIONS Samuel Morse - telegraph Alexander Graham Bell – telephone Robert Fulton – steam engine Eli Whitney – cotton gin John Deere – *steel plow* - rapidly encouraged Farmers (N and S) to seek land in the WEST!!!! (more efficient farming) Cyrus McCormick - reaper

Manifest Destiny God-given right to move West! Purpose: Expand to the Pacific Coast and into the Mexican territory in order to spread (1) Democracy and (2) Religion & (3) to take advantage of fertile land Defend expansion

EXPANSION Land acquisition by either (1) purchase (2) treaty or (3) war

Native Americans Fight back Fighting back…upsets the White Settlers 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie: – provided various N.A. groups land they can control (RESERVATIONS) – For Land = no fighting! –American government claimed to NEVER attack….but they DID!!!)

Chief Joseph and Nez Perce Chief Joseph “REFUSES” to go…many battles occur between the white man an the Nez Perce tribe (Idaho and Canada) “I will fight no more, forever” - Chief Joseph (surrender speech)

Oregon Trail Why go West??? *Oregon Trail* - The WHITMAN’S (a religious family) sets up mission schools to spread religion (CONVERT Native Americans) - Letters home = FERTILE LAND!!!

Mormon Migration - migrated on the Oregon Trail - started in New York under JOSEPH SMITH - People printed protests against polygamy - Smith burnt down the printing press / Smith jailed and killed in jail by an anti-Mormon mob. **MAIN REASON / MOTIVATION FOR THE MORMONS TO TRAVEL WEST ******“TO ESCAPE RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION”******* Brigham Young – takes over after Smith’s death

Britain and U.S. / James K. Polk * Webster – Ashburton Treaty (1842) “JOINT OCCUPATION” of Oregon Territory –(U.S. and Britain) ***1844 Presidential Election*** –James K. Polk’s wanted the “entire” area of Oregon to be annexed into the Union ***** Fifty Four Forty or Fight ***** Polk’s SLOGAN for Oregon – latitude

54 40 or Fight Polk’s advisors deemed land above the 49 degree of ==== latitude was infertile

Which one is Polk??

Main Goal of Polk as President ANNEXATION of OREGON TERRITORY INTO THE UNION –Annexation – “to bring in” *****Fifty – Four Forty or Fight****** James K. Polk’s Presidential Slogan for annexing the Oregon territory latitude (Oregon/Upper Northwest Territory) We fight for it and we get it…. NATIONALISM GOES UP!!!! WHY????

T.Q. Why did the Mormons move West? a.To convert Native Americans b.To prospect for gold c.To spread the ideals of American Democracy d.To escape religious persecution

Territorial Expansion / Texas Revolution / ANNEXATION Mexico invites White Settlers –Purpose: for protection from Native Americans –Mexico = Offered “land grants” to U.S. settlers (impresarios) –Terms: Americans get land – in turn – must abide by Mexican laws and recognize the official religion of Catholicism –Stephen F. Austin – first white settler to lead others and take advantage of the opportunity

Mexico gets worried Reason: a flood of white settlers Mexican reaction: –No more people and no more SLAVERY! This law was ignored by the American settlers

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna President of Mexico –“Americans MUST obey laws!” 1836 – Texans (white settlers) declare its independence from Mexico! Battle at the ALAMO - Mexicans surround 187 American soldiers (San Antonio) Davie Crocket / Jim Bowie Result: Mexican Victory

Sam Houston’s Retaliation/ Texas Revolution / Battle of San Jacinto Sam Houston (settler) VS. Santa Anna Houston – Commander of Texas Army “REMEMBER THE ALAMO” –Battle cry remembering the Alamo battle –SAM HOUSTON (U.S.) VICTORY!!!!! –Santa Anna signs the ****Treaty of Velasco**** which grants Texas independence from Mexico *************************************************************** Victory at Battle of Jacinto ended the Texas Revolution / Treaty of Velasco

Texas vs. U.S. Congress Topic / issue: Texas wants to become a state! Problem: SLAVERY!!!!!!!!! (KNOW THIS!!!!) -North = opposed statehood & slavery -South = supported statehood & slavery -Others = feared war with Mexico -Congressional response: TEXAS WILL NOT BE STATE, but will become the ****LONE STAR REPUBLIC (leader: Sam Houston) Texas is granted statehood years later (1845) Mexico reacts = ANGRY!!!!!!

Boundary Dispute (Mexico and U.S.) U.S. = border was Rio Grande Mexico = border was Nueces River ***********Cause of War with Mexico = Boundary Issues lead to the MEXICAN WAR ( ) (U.S. vs. Mexico) *Mexican War and Texas Revolution – two separate events BOUNDARIES

Final Defeat of Santa Anna **********Battle of Buena Vista*********** –Santa Anna was FINALLY defeated by General Zachary Taylor (later President) Stephen Kearney (“long marcher”) - ordered to march all the way to California to help overthrow Mexican soldiers in the “BEAR FLAG REVOLT”

Mexican soldiers claimed California (same as in Texas issue) U.S. soldiers go out = conflict / claims California belongs to America and Mexican soldiers back down

End of Mexican War The U.S. purchased a large area of land that makes up the Southwestern part of the United States –$15 million (MEXICAN CESSION) VERY IMPORTANT: Manifest Destiny example

What OFFICIALLY ends the Mexican War????? ******Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo******** (1) ENDS THE MEXICAN WAR (2)Rio Grande River will be the border between United States and Mexico (3) Mexican Cession (established the southeastern part of U.S.) *$15 million

Gadsden Purchase (1853) *******MAIN PURPOSE********** –To build a transcontinental railroad from New Orleans the Pacific Ocean –Guidelines: Congress spent an additional $10 million for a small strip of land to in order to “build a railroad and complete the continental U.S.”

Why go to California GOLD!!!!! Forty-niners: people who go to California for gold in 1849 Impact of Gold Fever: DIVERSITY in cultures

What event in the early 1800s added “TENSION” between the North and South? A. The California Gold Rush B. Creation of the California Republic C. The Texas annexation D. The arrival of the Chinese immigrants

American Goals Goal / EventHow Achieved or PurposePos. or Neg. Effects Moving West Calming Native American & White Settler Relationship Christianizing Native Americans Mormon / Religious Freedom Occupying “full” Oregon Territory Texas Independence Texas Statehood Mexican Cession Gadsden Purchase

Territorial Expansion Directions: –Rank AND defend each piece of land based on how beneficial it was to America. Your choices should honor given events, themes, and issues of the time they were acquired. 1 = Most beneficial and 8 = Least –1783 Peace Treaty with Britain –1803 Louisiana Purchase –1818 Upper Peace Treaty with Britain –1819 Spanish Cession / Adams – Onis Treaty –1845 Texas Annexation –1846 Oregon Territory –1848 Mexican Cession –1853 Gadsden Purchase