Building nuclear security culture through education and training Elena Sokova, Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non- Proliferation “Towards a CBN Security Culture: developing a holistic approach” April 24, 2012

Education and training for strengthening nuclear security IAEA Nuclear Security Work Plans, Guides, and other Publications, Networking Efforts Nuclear Security Summits 2010, Washington, DC Communique and Work Plan acknowledge the role of education and training in nuclear security capacity building, particularly human capacity building and encourage integrated approach to education and training and institutional capacity building by all stakeholders 2012, Seoul Communique: “Participants recognize investment in human capacity building is fundamental to sustaining a strong security culture and encourage participation, communication and coordination of activities at national level by the government, regulatory bodies, industry, academia, the media, and NGOs” + dozen other documents Memorandum by the Russian Federation on nuclear security culture (!) highlights the importance of education and training, as well as exchange of best practices

Security Culture: Two tales "Nuclear Security Culture - a set of characteristics, principles, attitudes and behavior of individuals, organizations and institutions, which serves as a means for maintaining and improving nuclear security"

Human Capacity Building and Nuclear Security Culture Two primary levels National (government + various institutions and stakeholders) Facility (senior management and administration; work-level management; all personnel) Two primary approaches to building and sustaining nuclear security culture Professional Development Training Exchange of best practices among professionals Academic programs Targeted education and training of nuclear security specialists Education of all nuclear specialists Education of managers, policy makers

Teaching nuclear security and nuclear security culture Integrate nuclear security culture concepts, principles, and values into courses and curriculum on physical protection, control and accounting of nuclear materials, as well as other “Ss” -- safety and safeguards Offer separate courses or modules on nuclear security culture concepts, principles, and approaches, including fundamentals of nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear terrorism risks. Incorporate nuclear security and elements of nuclear security culture into professional development and academic programs that focus on training a variety of specialists for nuclear industry, not only to specialists trained to deal with MPC&A and other nuclear security related jobs

Do we have the tools and the means? Educational and training infrastructure and framework to teach nuclear security Industry training centers; Centers of Excellence; Nuclear Security Training and Support Centers; Academic Programs Status: At various stages of their operation and expertise (from being built from scratch to being a recognized nuclear security training facility/program) Instructors that can go beyond technical nuclear security subjects and foster nuclear security culture Status: With few exceptions, limited number of instructors that can teach at professional level nuclear security culture Financial resources and incentives Status: Much better than 4-5 years ago but not nearly enough to make a difference

Education and training and other elements of nuclear security culture Government policy Regulations and norms Assessment of nuclear security culture at site level Personnel reliability programs Encouragement of strong security culture by government, industry, and facility senior management Education and training are critical if a long-lasting effect is sought Quality of education and training is extremely important Recognition of the role of nuclear security education and training at top national and international levels is welcome. It needs to be matched by well developed strategy, adequate resources, and sustained attention