THIS DV/AMERICAN LIFE PROJECT BY: LIFAITE GERMEILLE PER.3 U.S. HISTORY

Historical Pivotal Event Freedom Riders(May 4,1961) The freedom riders were a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists who launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. This event was pivotal because black and white citizens who were racially criticized and took a stand against those who seek low on them. These heroic people were trying to send a message to all those who have been criticized by whites and want to make a change in the country for everybody to be treated equally.

1st Main Cause Event Montgomery Bus Boycott (December 20,1956) A political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. How was this Pivotal? This event was pivotal because it finally gave the NAACP, a case in which they could challenge the segregation of the black community in Alabama. Also that The victory of the NAACP in this case, gave the Civil Rights Movement the boost it needed and inspired other African Americans to challenge white society’s dominance.

2nd Main Cause Event Little Rock Nine (1957) A group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957.Little Rock Central High School How was this Pivotal? This event was pivotal because Little Rock Nine were significant as symbols of the difference between the changing federal laws concerning segregation in the 1950s and opposing public sentiment about the laws in the deep South. For them this meant that they wanted to make a change for the better not only for African American children but for all children as well.

3rd Main Cause Event After Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving her bus seat to a white man, inspired citizens wanted to carry on her mission to end segregation by becoming Freedom Riders. The laws to end segregated transportation services were not being enforced and many blacks were met with intimidation, acts of ridicule and harassment. They rode Trailways and Greyhound buses on the highways from Washington, DC to an intended destination of New Orleans, LA. The Freedom Riders sat in all sections of the bus. When the bus stopped at rest areas the whites used the bathrooms designated for blacks and the blacks used the restrooms for whites. It was another peaceful demonstration to draw attention to the need for equal rights for all human beings.

HISTORICAL TIMELINE 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott A political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama LITTLE ROCK NINE A group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in Freedom Riders A group of 13 African- American and white civil rights activists who launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals.

Freedom Ride Timeline 5/4-Freedom Rides begin. 5/9-Violence begins at Rock Hill, South Carolina 5/13-Riders arrive at Atlanta, Georgia 5/14-Leave Atlanta; Greyhound has been firebombed 5/14-Freedom Riders beaten; New members join 5/20-Riders leave from Birmingham, Alabama; Arrive at Montgomery 5/24-Leave Montgomery 5/25-Arrive at Jackson, Mississippi; Many riders were arrested

1st Main Effect Event Birmingham Campaign (April 3, 1963 ) The Birmingham campaign was supposed to be a campaign that would end segregation between people by the SCLC, and after protests and police brutality the SCLC and Martin Luther King Jr. and were able to give African Americans more rights in more public places, they were able to end Jim Crows Law. How was this pivotal? This event was pivotal because it was in this Alabama city that a very crucial civil rights campaign was born and met with some success.The purpose of the campaign was to end the segregation that existed in the city.

2nd Main Effect Event Civil Rights Movement in Other Countries: The Freedom Riders have inspired some other countries people. Such as in Egypt, where their is a civil rights movement occurring. Some people from Egypt have taken inspiration from the Freedom Riders and decided they would deal with their problems peacefully. There has been video recordings of some of the people of Egypt standing in front of tanks, and putting flowers on soldiers bayonets. The leaders from Egypt's have taken what the Freedom Riders from 1960s' did and are taking some of their ideas into their own hands, they also believe they will get what they want eventually and is more effective peacefully.

3rd Main Effect Event No more segregation: If it were not for the Freedom Riders, who knows how long it would have taken to have segregation end, or if it would have even ended without them. Thanks to the Freedom Riders a lot of kids in the United States would not be able to go to the same school with another person from a different ethnicity. A lot of public places would not be free to the public, and society would be totally different. If it was not for the Freedom Riders guts and confidence, no one would probably have stood up to what they believed was wrong for a long time. Everyone in the United States now has the same educational or financial opportunities because of the inspiration the Freedom Riders gave to people.