Chapter 2 A Living Planet

Section 1: A Living Planet Continent-landmasses above mantle on earth

Section 1: A Living Planet The Solar System- the sun and the 8-9 known planets DON’T WRITE Pluto?

“DON’T WRITE” 365.25 days in one year. This is called one revolution The path that Earth follows as it revolves around the sun is called its orbit. As Earth revolves around the sun, the angle at which the sun's rays strike the surface changes throughout the year. This helps create seasons.

Section 1: A Living Planet Core- center of the earth Mantle- surrounds the core, soft layer of molten rock under the earth’s surface (contains most of the earth’s mass) Magma forms in this area Crust- thin layer of rock at the earths surface (19-37 miles thick)

Section 1: A Living Planet Biosphere- part of the earth where plants & animals live. Also contains the Atmosphere- layer of gases around the earth Protects earth from radiation Lithosphere- solid rock portion of earth’s surface Hydrosphere- water portion of the earth

Continental Drift- theory that the earth was once a super-continent (Pangaea) that divided & slowly drifted apart over millions of years.

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Oceans cover 71% of the earth. 1 ocean divided into 4 main areas DON’T WRITE Areas?

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Hydrologic Cycle- continuous circulation of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, & the earth. “DON’T WRITE” Water evaporates, then it exists as vapor, & then falls back to the earth as precipitation. Types?

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Drainage Basin- areas of land where water flows from small streams into a major river on its way to the ocean.

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Groundwater- water held in the pores of rock. Water Table- level at which the rock is saturated (top of the groundwater)

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Landforms- naturally formed features on the surface of the earth.

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Continental Shelf- earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean. DON’T WRITE Mountains? Valleys?

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Relief- difference in elevation of a landform from its lowest to highest points.

Section 2: Bodies of Water & Landforms Topography- shows the differences in elevation for landforms in a region, on a map.

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Tectonic plates- enormous moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere.

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Plate Movement- Divergent boundary- plates move apart horizontally

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Convergent boundary- plates collide (one dives under the other or the edges crumple) Major cause of volcanoes Transform boundary- slide past each other

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth DON’T WRITE Seafloor Spreading ocean bottom is not flat younger rocks molten rock rises and breaks through the top of ridge and forms new rock.

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Faults- fracture in the earth’s crust

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Earthquake- shaking of the earth as plates grind past each other, sudden release of energy in the form of motion. Seismograph- detects the waves of the motion created by an earthquake.

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Focus- where the earthquake actually happens Epicenter- point directly above the focus on the earth’s surface

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Richter Scale- scale used to measure the amount of energy released in an earthquake. 9.6?

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Tsunami- giant wave in the ocean

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Volcano- crack in the earth’s surface where magma, gases, & water pour out Lava- magma that has reached the earth’s surface

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth Ring of Fire- earthquake & volcano zone around the rim of the Pacific Ocean DON’T WRITE Location of the majority of the world’s earthquakes & volcanoes.

Section 3: Internal Forces Shaping the Earth

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Weathering- physical & chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surface. Occurs slowly Creates Sediment- small pieces of rock (mud, sand, & silt)

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Mechanical Weathering- processes that change rock into smaller pieces Does not change composition of rock only size. DON’T WRITE Ice? Roots? Blasting?

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Chemical Weathering- occurs when rock is changed into a new substance as a result of interaction of elements. Acid Rain Rust

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Erosion- occurs when weathered material is moved by the action of wind, water, ice, or gravity.

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Delta- is when a river enters the ocean & it deposits its sediment in a fan-like landform

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Loess- wind-blown silt & clay sediment that produce very fertile soil.

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Glacier- large, long-lasting mass of ice that moves because of gravity.

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Glaciation- is the changing of landforms by slowly moving glaciers. DON’T WRITE U shaped valley?

Section 4: External Forces Shaping the Earth Moraine- rocks left behind by a glacier.