ELBOW PARTNERS Sit with a partner whom you have not worked with this semester!

What is rhetorical analysis? deconstructing nonfiction texts –speeches, essays, editorials, etc.— and evaluating how the author creates meaning, establishes and proves his/her claim making judgments about whether or not an author has succeeded in his or her purpose Rhetoric—Analyzing techniques that make persuasion possible

Subject/Topic/Message (Logos) Purpose Context Speaker/Writer (Ethos) Audience/ Readers (Pathos) Subject/Topic/Message (Logos) Purpose Context

Quick Intro Voice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwOTGeRwQqY

Ethos- credibility of the speaker Writers/speakers ask the audience to -trust them (intelligence, goodwill and virtue) -believe them -to bear with them -to listen to them Readers/Audiences must question the speaker’s authority, trustworthiness, motives. --You must consider the writer’s integrity and attitude towards his/her audience.

Ethos—establishing authority/credibility by Demonstrating knowledge about the topic (position, job title, experience, etc.) Establishing common ground with the audience through respect and concern Demonstrating fairness and evenhandedness Displaying confidence

Establishing Confidence and Credibility Presenting yourself in a suitable manner— physical appearance Connecting your beliefs to core principles that are widely respected Using appropriate language for the audience, neither speaking above nor below their capabilities. Citing credible, reliable sources Admitting limitations, exceptions, or weaknesses of your argument. Making these concessions (anticipating the potential rebuttals of your audience) makes the audience belief that you have respect for them and that you have carefully considered your position.

Logos—logic “word” or “reason” Rational argument Logic behind the arguments Examples: -factual evidence for support “Nine out of ten doctors agree…” statistics, charts, graphs, definitions, surveys,. polls, examples, narratives, personal testimonies etc.

Evaluating Polls There are three important considerations to consider when evaluating polls: The source —who commissioned the poll, who published it, and any associated bias. The statistical methodology --who was interviewed, how they were interviewed. The questions —how were they asked, in what order, with what language?

Pathos-emotional appeals PATHOS—the quality or power of evoking the audience’s emotions Primarily achieved through the use of strong emotional diction (evocative words) Powerful images that evoke emotions Anecdotes —stories Immediacy contributes to the effectiveness of emotional appeals Pathos appeals to the heart and to one’s emotions.

Pathos—Examples Stories or testimonials Personal anecdotes or stories Personal connections Imagery and figurative language that provokes an emotional response Visual images or words that inspire you to empathize or have compassion towards the idea/topic Powerful words, phrases, or images that stir up emotion

See HANDOUT pg. 7 2 pathos logos 3 1 ethos

Now for some fun… What appeal is used in each commercial? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3R-rtWPyJY&list=PL19280887E9B189D2

Style refers to the choices one makes that involve words, phrases, and sentences. should appropriate for author’s purpose and affects the way that a reader reacts to a piece. Four aspects of Style are Diction Imagery Syntax Figures of speech

Diction This is word choice. --General vs. Specific words. --Formal versus Informal --Denotation and connotation. --Monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words. SEE HANDOUT pg. 2

Diction—Charged Words Charged words are words with strong connotations beyond their literal meaning that are likely to produce an emotional response. Tyranny (evokes a feeling of fear, suggests living in a state of terror) Liberty (suggests an ideal life characterized by freedom) Justice (can be associated with freedom and equality) Honor (evokes a sense of morality and dignity)

“He [King George] is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.”

Charged Words He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. Contrast

The Effect of Charged Words “Grandmother Arrested in Pot Sting” The fact that the person is a grandmother has no relevance to the fact that she was arrested on a drug charge.  It may not even reflect the fact that she is old, since I’ve known grandmothers as young as 32.  But the use of the term conjures up an image of a sweet, gentle person, and juxtaposed against the crime, elicits far more outrage than if the headline was … “Local Woman Arrested in Pot Sting”

Imagery Imagery is words that appeal to the senses. Visual - “There are black clouds of God’s wrath now hanging directly over your head” (Edwards) Auditory – the wind whistling through the trees, the rumbling waves rushing past Tactile/Emotional – “How awful it is to be left behind at such a day! To see so many others feasting….” (Edwards) Oral – the puckering twang of lemon juice Olfactory – wet dog after a morning rainshower

Syntax Syntax—construction of sentences. Syntax discusses: --Sentence Type: complex or simple? --Sentence length: short or long? --Active vs. Passive Sentences --Pacing. Sentence construction can speed up the reading of a passage or slow it down. --VIEW HANDOUT pg. 2

Restatement Repeating an idea in a variety of ways, using different words to reinforce a point.

Anaphora Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines. “This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-paradise, This fortress built by Nature for herself Against infection and the hand of war, This happy breed of men, this little world, This precious stone set in the silver sea…” -John of Gaunt in Shakespeare's Richard II (2.1.40-51; 57-60) SEE HANDOUT pg. 3

Anastrophe Inversion: Anastrophe occurs whenever normal syntactical arrangement is violated for emphasis: The verb before the subject-noun (normal syntax follows the order subject-noun, verb):Glistens the dew upon the morning grass. (Normally: The dew glistens upon the morning grass) Adjective following the noun it modifies (normal syntax is adjective, noun):
She looked at the sky dark and menacing. (Normally: She looked at the dark and menacing sky) The object preceding its verb (normal syntax is verb followed by its object):
Troubles, everybody's got. (Normally: Everybody's got troubles.)

Epistrophe Is the reverse of anaphora; repetition of same word or group at the end of clauses. They saw no evil, they spoke no evil, and they heard no evil.

Asyndeton (uh-SIN-du-ton) Omission of conjunctions between related clauses I came, I saw, I conquered. deliberate use of conjunctions between each clause in a series of clauses This year I am taking math and English and history and gym and physics and Spanish and creative writing and creative photography. Polysyndeton

Antithesis opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction. The idea is that they enhance one another, kind of like two halves of the perfect whole: yin and yang sweet and sour Good cop / Bad cop Sink or swim. Black or white. It can't be wrong if it feels so right” -Debbie Boone

Rhetorical Devices: Chiasmus & Antimetabole arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first. Chiasmus is, specifically, the reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses: It is hard to make money, but to spend it is easy. Antimetabole is, specifically, the repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order: “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” JFK

When the going gets tough, the tough get going. Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter! -Isaiah 5:20

Rhetorical Question A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point by simply asking the question Ex. Do I really need to ask you to clean your room again?

Parallelism Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. parallelism of words:She tried to make her pastry fluffy, sweet, and delicate. parallelism of phrases:
Singing a song or writing a poem is joyous. parallelism of clauses:
Perch are inexpensive; cod are cheap; trout are abundant; but salmon are best.

Juxtaposition is a poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another. Light and dark images Life and death Cold and hot Etc.

Rhetorical Devices & Figurative Language Alliteration Assonance Consonance Simile Metaphors Personification Onomatopoeia Hyperbole Understatement Litotes Paradox Oxymoron Pun Irony Sarcasm Allusion Synecdoche Metonymy Zeugma Conceit

Litotes Deliberate understatement, especially when expressing a thought by denying its opposite. She was not unmindful of the fact that she still owes me twenty dollars. Since he’s no small man, perhaps he should reconsider the skinny jeans he likes so much.

Conceit An extended metaphor. Popular during the Renaissance and typical of John Donne or John Milton. Marke but this flea, and marke in this, How little that which thou deny'st me is; Me it suck'd first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled bee; Confesse it, this cannot be said A sinne, or shame, or losse of maidenhead, Yet this enjoyes before it wooe, And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two, And this, alas, is more than wee would doe. -- “The Flea” John Donne

Allusion A reference to mythological, literary, historical, or Biblical person, place or thing.

Anecdote A brief narrative offered to capture the audience’s attention or to contribute to the overall purpose

Synechdoche A whole is represented by naming one of its parts The rustler bragged he'd absconded with five hundred head of longhorns. Both "head" and "longhorns" are parts of cattle that represent them as wholes Listen, you've got to come take a look at my new set of wheels.
 He shall think differently," the musketeer threatened, "when he feels the point of my steel."
 HANDOUT pg 5

Metonymy Reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes. The pen is mightier than the sword. The pen is an attribute of thoughts that are written with a pen; the sword is an attribute of military action We await word from the crown. The IRS is auditing me? Great. All I need is a couple of suits arriving at my door.

SOAPS Method Subject—the general idea, content and ideas Rhetorical Triangle SOAPS Method Speaker Message Audience Subject—the general idea, content and ideas Occasion—time, place, context, or current situation for the writing. Consider what events prompted the writing. Audience—the target audience (try to be specific—education level, beliefs and values, predisposition towards the speaker) Purpose—what the author hopes the reader will take from the piece. Speaker—evaluate the ethos of the speaker

Activities

Speeches “Inch by Inch” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnYVfRIdjO4 Braveheart http://www.fandango.com/movie-trailer/braveheart-trailer/825/1882236500