Adolescence Adolescence Puberty (2 year period of growth) the transition… Puberty (2 year period of growth) the period of…

Adolescence Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics body structures that… ovaries--female testes--male external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics Non-reproductive… female--enlarged breast, hips male--voice quality, body hair Landmarks In girls is Menarche (meh-NAR-key) first menstrual period (around 12 yrs.) In boys is the first ejaculation (around 14 yrs.)

Adolescence Height in centimeters 190 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Age in years Boys Girls

Adolescence

Adolescence – Cognitive Development Reasoning is… Private experiences are perceived as… Formal Operational Stage Capacity for moral thinking –

Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Postconventional level Conventional Preconventional

Pre-conventional Stage – Self Interest 1. Obedience and punishment: Instrumental:

Conventional Stage – Concerned with gaining approval or doing one’s duty. Good boy/girl morality: Law and order:

Post-conventional Stage – agreed upon rights or universal ethical principles Social Contract: Principles of Conscience:

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder 3rd level represents… Morality also lies in action

Social Development Identity Intimacy one’s… the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles and reshaping them into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is. Intimacy the ability to… a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Gender Differences in Connectedness begin during Adolescence Women are more interdependent and more open and responsive to feedback. Women as more intimate with their friends and talk more openly and freely. Women make 63% of phone calls and talk longer on average than men when they are talking to other women. When women talk they explore relationships. Men talk to communicate solutions. Both women and men say friendships with women are more intimate, enjoyable and nurturing (Rubin 1985). Both women and men usually turn to women when they need support or comfort. 90% of people report being close to their mother, 69% report being close to father. These differences diminish after age 50.

Social Development The changing parent-child relationship

Adolescence -- used to end with marriage 10 20 7.2-Year Interval 11.8-Year Interval Age 1890, Women 1988, Women In the 1890s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is nearly 12 years. Now adolescence is considered completed with the social achievement of independent adult status

Adult --Physical Development Physical abilities crest by the mid twenties. Physical decline begins in early adulthood, almost imperceptibly, and accelerates during middle adulthood. Later in life there is declining perceptual acuity, strength and stamina.

Adulthood--Physical Changes Fatal accident rate Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older. 12 10 Fatal accidents per 100 million miles 8 Fatal accidents per 10,000 drivers 6 4 2 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 and over Age

Adulthood--Physical Changes Incidence of dementia by age Risk of dementia increases in later years 60-64 70-74 80-84 90-95 65-69 75-79 85-89 Age Group 40% 30 20 10 Percentage with dementia

Adulthood--Physical Changes Women Menopause (around 50 yrs) the time of… also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines Men -- gradual decrease in sperm count, testosterone level, speed of erection and speed of ejaculation. Brain – by age 80 there is a 5% shrinkage of the brain (women’s brains shrink more slowly than men’s).

Adulthood--Cognitive Changes Recalling new names introduced once, twice or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990). Recall (remembering without cues) decreases with age, especially for meaningless information 100 Older age groups have poorer performance Percent of names recalled 90 80 After three introductions 70 60 50 After two introductions 40 30 20 After one introductions 10 18 40 50 60 70 Age group

Adulthood--Cognitive Changes Number Of words remembered In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not. Recognition is remember with cues (ex. multiple choice questions, or picking a word out of a list) 24 20 Number of words recognized is stable with age 16 12 8 Number of words recalled declines with age 4 20 30 40 50 60 70 Age in years

Adulthood Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence one’s… tends to increase with age Fluid Intelligence tends to decrease during late adulthood Neural processing slows with age Speed at completing a complex task slows.

Adulthood – Social Changes Social Clock The culturally preferred timing of social events Marriage Parenthood Retirement Adults don’t change predictably, these events occur at varying times. People are doing things at different ages. People are having children in their 50s and 60s. People marry at any time during adulthood. Retirement – many choose not to and accomplish great things Ben Franklin invented bifocals at 78 Frank Lloyd Wright completed the Guggenheim Museum at 91 Paul Spangler completed his fourteenth marathon at 92 Strom Thurmond served in the US Senate until he was 100

Adulthood Early-forties midlife crisis? Emotional instability Females Males No early 40s emotional crisis 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 Age in Years 24% 16 8 Emotional instability

Adulthood – Social Development Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Freud – “The healthy adult is one who can live and work”

Marriage Marriage is more satisfying and enduring when:

Parenthood

Work Happy with work (both in and out of home)if it fits interests and provides a sense of competence and satisfaction

Adulthood 20 40 60 80 15 25 35 45 55 65+ Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole Age group Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Ingle hart, 1990). Positive feelings tend to grow after middle age and negative feelings subside.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure.