As of 2008, half of the population is urban

The demography of Urbanization: Main Characteristics Total World Population: will increase from current 7 billion to 8.2 billion by 2030 World Urban Population: is expected to increase from current 3.5 billion to about 5 billion by 2030 (60 %)

The Draft Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ( ) Goal 11: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” Target 1: “By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums Target 3: “By 2030 enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacities for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries”

Most of the urban population will continue residing in the smallest agglomerations Percentage of the urban population in urban agglomerations

The 5 Shelter deprivation indicators used by the UN Lack of durable housing Lack of sufficient living space Lack of access to save drinking water Lack of access to improved sanitation Lack of secure tenure  1 billion people are living in slums / informal settlements !!  Urgent need for affordable housing policies !!

Slums / informal settlements “Slums of Despair” In city centre One room housing Rental tenements Shared facilities (Toilet, water) Temporality No housing security “Slums of Hope” On the periphery Self-managed housing Incremental improvement and expansion (horizontal & vertical) Incremental expansion and improvement of public services Often based on co-operation between residents-municipality- NGOs

Housing policies for the urban poor Sites-and-Services Government provides land for new housing development Government provides some basic public services and infrastructure: –Roads –Water (communal taps) –Electricity Sometimes a ‘core unit’ Residents build their own houses Slum-/settlement upgrading In existing, informal settlements Regularisation of ownership (de jure or de facto) Provision/expansion of basic public services Acceptation by the authorities fosters new housing (self- managed) construction activities by the residents

Assisted self-help housing projects: variation in policy packages PLOT/HOUSESERVICESCOSTS Plot Size (m 2 ) Built-up living space (m 2 ) Electricity Piped water Septic tank Paved road Sewer age 800 Lowest Highest 800xx 20xx 10020xxx 10040xxx 12060xxxx 12080xx xx xx xx

Structure of the book on Affordable Housing in the Global South Part 1: Thematic Urban land markets Housing finance Assisted self-help housing Hazard-resilient housing Rental housing Housing co-operatives Community-led initiatives Part 2: Asia India Pakistan Indonesia Sri Lanka China

Structure of the book on Affordable Housing in the Global South Part 3: Latin America Mexico Brazil Colombia Peru Ecuador Nicaragua Part 4: Africa Egypt South Africa Nigeria Kenya Ghana

General Findings Self-managed housing is the main form of housing provision Assistance to self-build housing can make a difference Security of land tenure is key to incremental consolidation New finance models are promising instrument for affordable housing (A-B-C-model: Savings/Subsidy/Credit) Massive housing schemes often lead to housing vacancies Pro-poor housing strategies benefit from stakeholder approaches (e.g. community contracting) For affordability, housing policies should aim at a variety of target groups For sustainability, urban sprawl must be avoided (densification of the built-up area is needed)