Passive House Seminar for Professionals from the Building Sector

DAY 1

What is a Passive House?

Passive House Seminar for Professionals from the Building Sector Day 1 What is a Passive House? Passive House Seminar for Professionals from the Building Sector Day 1 What is a Passive House? Design According to the Passive House Criteria Design – Heating Systems and Energy Supply Design – Solar Energy Utilization Planning and Concept Development Realization and Construction Processes Day 2 Energy Calculations – including an introduction to PHPP Energy Statistics, Standards and Certifications Design – Air tightness Design – Ventilation systems Design – Windows Regional and national examples of built Passive Houses Basic educational course about Passive Houses, organised by a local partner in the European funded PASS-NET project

What is a Passive House? an European construction standard Day 1 What is a Passive House? What is a Passive House? an European construction standard with good thermal comfort during winter and summer very good insulation levels very good air tightness of the building a mechanical ventilation system with highly efficient heat recovery. The Passive House standard can be reached by combining technology, design, and material. Source: Dr. Wolfgang Feist, Passivhaus Institut, Passiefhuis-Platform vzv

International Passive House criteria Key parameters: Specific space heating demand maximum 15kWh/m2 net floor area Specific primary energy demand for space heating, cooling, domestic hot water, electricity for pumps and ventilation, and household appliances maximum 120 kWh/m2 net floor area Heat load maximum 10 W/m2 net floor area Air tightness at n50 maximum 0.6/h Thermal comfort in winter operative room temperatures ≥ 20 ºC When the peak heating load is less than 10 W/m², independent of climate, the ventilation system can easily be used for space heating, and a separate heating system is no longer required. Air tightness: The building envelope must have a pressurization test result according to EN 13829 of no more than 0.6 h-1. Comfort criterion room temperature winter: The operative room temperatures can be kept above 20 °C in winter, using the abovementioned amount of energy. These criteria applies for climate conditions between 40 and 60 degrees latitude in the Northern Hemisphere.

Energy usage in private households "normal" household "Passive House" household Hot water 11.5% Household appliances 11.5% Lighting 1.5% Heating 7.5% Hot water 11.5% Household appliances 11.5% Lighting 1.5% Heating 75.5% Total savings on heating = 68% (Heating savings only = 90%) Source: IG Passivhaus Österreich

Comparison of energy demand parameters for residential buildings in kWh/m2a The diagram shows the BOUGHT energy demand (Maria’s comment: it has to be, to get as low as is shown for passive houses. Thus, solar heated DHW is not included. ) Source: Passive House Institute Darmstadt /Germany 8

Costs Source: Passive House Institute www. passivehouse.com Passive Houses aim at minimum life-cycle costs by energy conservation technologies and simple building services’ systems. A Passive House may require larger extra investments than a typical energy-efficient building. However, extra costs of energy efficiency are difficult to be explicitly shown. The major influence on the investment comes from the management of the whole process. Investment in the project management and early design phase incurs cost savings that together with energy-efficiency cover the costs of super-insulation, high performance windows, improved air tightness etc. Typically the payback period of extra investments in Passive House technology is less than 10 years. The strategy of energy efficiency of a Passive House bases on minimizing the energy losses, before applying renewable energy sources. This is a rather clear approach for a cost-efficient and energy efficient housing. Source: W. Feist: Cost Efficient Passive Houses in Central Europe (Kostengünstige Passivhäuser in Mitteleuropa). Brochure, Passive House Insritute, Darmstadt 1999; update Source: Passive House Institute www. passivehouse.com

Renovation – potential savings Renovation cycle 40 years Thermal renovation (m²) (per apart 70m²) Extra costs PH + 270.- + € 18.900.- Heating for 1 year € 0,72 € 50.- Extra costs low energy + 120.- + € 8.400.- Heating for 1 year € 4,29 € 300.- Heating for 1 year € 9,14 € 640.- Renovation to Passive House standard 10 kWh/m²a Conventional renovation to low energy standard 60 kWh/m²a No renovation 130 kWh/m²a Source: IG PAssivhaus Österreich

Additional Parameters High level of insulation High level of air tightness Use of sun and passive solar gains High heat recovery Household equipment with low energy use Renewable energy sources Source: http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/Passive_House_in_short.html Passive House course in the internet, provided by Passive House Institute Source: Passive House Institute http://www.passivhaustagung.de

Insulation Compact form High level of insulation Opaque building elements: walls, roof, and floor - max U value 0,15 W/(m2K) Windows and doors (glazing and frames combined) - max U value 0,8 W/(m2K) Free from thermal bridges Linear heat coefficient – max 0,01 W /(mK) Obtaining a high level of insulation means that U values of the outer shell of the building are specified sufficiently low. Also the construction should be free of thermal bridges. The heat loss through a regular construction (an external wall, a floor to the basement or a slab on ground, a ceiling or a roof) is characterised by the thermal heat loss coefficient or U-value. This value shows, how much heat (in Watts) is lost per m2 at a standard temperature difference of 1 degree Kelvin. The international unit of the U-value therefore is “W/(m²K)”. To calculate the heat loss of a wall you multiply the U-value by the area and the temperature difference. Source: W. Feist: Thermal-bridge-free designing (Wärmebrückenfreies Konstuieren) . PHI 1999/5. Passive House Institute, Darmstadt/Germany 1999 Working group on cost efficient Passive Houses (Arbeitskreis kostengünstige Passivhäuser) 16: Thermal-bridge-free designing (Wärmebrückenfreies Konstruieren). Passive House Institue, Darmstadt/Germany 1999/ 8.ed. 2009 Source: Passive House Institute Darmstadt, www.passivehouse.com

Air tightness Air tight building envelope Air leakage through the building envelope must be less than 0.6 times the house volume per hour when the house is pressurised to +/- 50 Pa by a blower door test. A well insulated construction is not necessarily airtight, too. Air can easily pass through insulation made from coconut, mineral or glass wool. These materials have excellent insulation properties, but are not airtight. Source: W. Feist: Fundamentals for the Design of Passive Houses (Gestaltungsgrundlagen Passivhäuser). Darmstadt 2001 Source: Passive House Institute , www.passivehousehouse.com

Solar gains Orientation Glazing Shading The Solar Heat Gain Coefficienct "g" indicates what amount of the incident perpendicular solar radiation that passes through the glazing. Passive House windows need to have a positive energy balance in the winter, i.e. it is required for the glazing that (for Mid-European climates): Ug (glazing U value) - 1.6 W/(m²K) · g   <  0 If this condition is fulfilled, then the amount of solar energy harvested by the windows is greater than their losses. Well-designed windows provide sufficient daylight indoors and therefore reduce the energy demand for artificial lighting. Source: Franz Freundorfer phc

Heat recovery Heat recovery rate over 80% controlled ventilation fresh air is preheated using exhaust air without air recirculation air is supplied to "clean rooms" such as living room, bedrooms, and workrooms while extracted from the "polluted rooms" such as kitchen, toilets and bathrooms no extra investment for traditional heating systems Ground heat exchanger for preheating the air during cold weather periods for reducing the need for active cooling Ground at 2-3 m deep has an almost constant temperature, equal to the average air temperature over the year, which in Europe depending on locality means 10 – 20°C As the ground temperature can be significantly above (in winter) or significantly below (in summer) the local outside air temperature, it provides a potential for heating or cooling a building with very little energy input This cooling and heating potential is usually accessed by installing a sub soil heat exchanger (typically constructed in smooth-walled, rigid or semi-rigid plastic or metal pipes of 100 to 450 mm diameter) under or close to the building The deeper the heat exchanger, the larger the active temperature difference, and the greater the cooling or heating potential. However excavation costs increase with depth and thus most heat exchangers are buried at between 1.5 and 3m.

Household appliances Low energy appliances Efficient lighting Illustration: Andrew Dunn

Renewable energy sources Sun solar panels – hot water production solar cells (PVs) – electricity production Wind mini wind turbines on site connection to a decentralized wind turbine Combined heat and power generators running on renewable fuel such as biomass, biogas, vegetable oil etc Heat pumps Source: IVL

Regional adaptations - if necessary text