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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation TransparenciesStandardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Viruses Chapter 24 Table of Contents Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Section 2 Viral Diseases

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Objectives Summarize the discovery of viruses. Describe why viruses are not considered living organisms. Describe the basic structure of viruses. Compare the lytic and lysogenic cycles of virus replication. Summarize the origin of viruses.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Discovery of Viruses Researchers in the late 1800s discovered that something smaller than bacteria could cause disease. In 1935, Wendell Stanley demonstrated that viruses were not cells when he crystallized TMV, the virus that causes tobacco mosaic disease in tobacco and tomato plants.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 24 Virus Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Characteristics of Viruses Viruses do not have all of the characteristics of life and are therefore not considered to be living.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Characteristics of Viruses, continued Viral Size and Structure –Viruses are nonliving particles containing DNA or RNA and are surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. –Some viruses also have an envelope that is derived from a host cell’s nuclear membrane or cell membrane.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 24 Parts of a Virus Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Characteristics of Viruses, continued Classification of Viruses –Viruses can be classified based on whether they have RNA or DNA, whether the RNA or DNA is single or double stranded and circular or linear, by capsid shape, and whether or not they have an envelope.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Viral Replication, continued Replication in DNA Viruses –DNA viruses can enter host cells and directly produce RNA, or they can insert into a host’s chromosome, where they are transcribed to RNA along with the host’s DNA.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Viral Replication, continued Replication in RNA Viruses –The RNA genome of some RNA viruses can be directly translated to make viral proteins. –Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase and RNA as a template to make DNA, which is then used to produce viral RNA and proteins.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Viral Replication, continued Replication in Viruses That Infect Prokaryotes –Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Viral Replication, continued Lytic Cycle –Viruses can follow a lytic cycle, making new viral particles immediately.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 24 Lytic Cycle Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Viral Replication, continued Lysogenic Cycle –Viruses can follow a lysogenic cycle, becoming part of the host genome and making new particles later.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 24 Lysogenic Cycle Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 24 The Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 Viral Replication, continued Viruses: Tools for Biotechnology –Viruses are important tools for biotechnology.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Viral Structure and Replication Chapter 24 The Origin of Viruses Most scientists think viruses originated from fragments of host-cell nucleic-acid material.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Objectives Name several vectors of viral diseases. Identify four viral diseases that result in serious human illnesses. Discuss the relationship between viruses and cancer. Name three examples of emerging viral diseases. Compare the effectiveness of vaccination, vector control, and drug therapy in fighting viruses. Contrast viroids, prions, and viruses.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Vectors of Viral Diseases Vectors, or hosts, of viral diseases include humans, animals, and insects.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Human Viral Diseases Viruses cause many human diseases, including the common cold, flu, hepatitis, rabies, chickenpox, certain types of cancer, and AIDS.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Human Viral Diseases, continued Chickenpox and Shingles –Chickenpox and shingles are caused by the same varicella-zoster herpesvirus.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Human Viral Diseases, continued Viral Hepatitis –Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver, can be caused by at least five viruses. –Hepatitis A and hepatitis E can be spread by fecally contaminated food and water. –Hepatitis B, C, and D are spread by sexual contact, by contact with infected blood and serum,and by the use of contaminated needles.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Human Viral Diseases, continued Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) –The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an RNA virus spread by sexual contact, by contact with infected body fluids, and from mother to fetus. –HIV targets macrophages and thus damages the body’s immune system. The disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) results.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 24 AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) Section 2 Viral Diseases

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Human Viral Diseases, continued Viruses and Cancer –Some viruses contain oncogenes that can cause cancer, while other viruses convert proto- oncogenes, which usually control cell growth, to oncogenes.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Emerging Viral Diseases Emerging viruses usually infect animals isolated in nature but can jump to humans when contact occurs in the environment.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Prevention and Treatment Vaccinations –A vaccine contains a harmless version of a virus, bacterium, or a toxin that causes an immune response when introduced to the body. –Vaccines have helped to greatly reduce certain viral diseases.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Prevention and Treatment, continued Vector Control –Control efforts, including killing mosquitoes and other vectors and quarantining ill patients, have helped reduce the spread of certain viral diseases.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Prevention and Treatment, continued Drug Therapy –Antibiotics are ineffective against viral diseases. –Viral drugs, such as acyclovir, block specific steps in viral replication.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Viral Diseases Chapter 24 Virods and Prions Viroids are short, circular, single strands of RNA lacking a capsid that infect plant cells. Prions are infectious particles containing protein but no nucleic acids. –Prions cause mad cow disease and similar degenerative brain diseases.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 24 Important Viral Diseases Section 2 Viral Diseases

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. What are viruses made of? A. enzymes and fats B. carbohydrates and ATP C. protein and nucleic acids D. mitochondria and lysosomes Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1. What are viruses made of? A. enzymes and fats B. carbohydrates and ATP C. protein and nucleic acids D. mitochondria and lysosomes Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. How do viroids differ from viruses? F. Viroids are larger in size. G. Viroids do not have a capsid. H. Viroids do not have nucleic acids. J. Viroids can cause disease in plants. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. How do viroids differ from viruses? F. Viroids are larger in size. G. Viroids do not have a capsid. H. Viroids do not have nucleic acids. J. Viroids can cause disease in plants. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. During which of the following processes does a phage kill its host? A. conjugation B. transcription C. the lytic cycle D. the lysogenic cycle Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. During which of the following processes does a phage kill its host? A. conjugation B. transcription C. the lytic cycle D. the lysogenic cycle Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following is one reason why viruses are not considered living organisms? F. Viruses are able to grow. G. Viruses do not metabolize. H. Viruses can reproduce by splitting. J. Viruses are too small to be easily observed. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. Which of the following is one reason why viruses are not considered living organisms? F. Viruses are able to grow. G. Viruses do not metabolize. H. Viruses can reproduce by splitting. J. Viruses are too small to be easily observed. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the figure below to answer questions Standardized Test Prep Chapter Which of the following does the diagram represent? A. a virus B. a prion C. a viroid D. a bacterium

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter Which of the following does the diagram represent? A. a virus B. a prion C. a viroid D. a bacterium Use the figure below to answer questions

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter To which of the following is label X pointing? F. envelope G. nucleic acid H. protein coat J. cell membrane Use the figure below to answer questions

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter To which of the following is label X pointing? F. envelope G. nucleic acid H. protein coat J. cell membrane Use the figure below to answer questions

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 7. skin : person :: capsid : A. virus B. insect C. fungus D. bacterium Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 7. skin : person :: capsid : A. virus B. insect C. fungus D. bacterium Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the figure below to answer question 8. The figure below represents the human immunodeficiency virus. Standardized Test Prep Chapter The structure labeled Y represents which of the following? F. capsid G. envelope H. RNA genome J. reverse transcriptase

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter The structure labeled Y represents which of the following? F. capsid G. envelope H. RNA genome J. reverse transcriptase Use the figure below to answer question 8. The figure below represents the human immunodeficiency virus.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from RNA. Explain why RNA viruses must have reverse transcriptase to replicate. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from RNA. Explain why RNA viruses must have reverse transcriptase to replicate. Answer: Retroviruses need reverse transcriptase to make DNA that can be inserted into the host cell’s genome for replication. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24 Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. Viruses share several characteristics of living organisms. However, viruses are not considered to be living. Part A Compare the characteristics viruses share with living organisms to the characteristics they do not share with living organisms. Part B Would you anticipate more or fewer emerging viral diseases to appear in the future? Explain.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 24 Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Viruses have genetic material and proteins, as living organisms do. However, viruses cannot reproduce on their own and lack cytoplasm, organelles, metabolism and homeostasis, all of which are characteristics of living things. Part B Sample answer: I would anticipate more emerging diseases due to increasing human population, which increases the chance of contact between humans and infected animals.