Lim, MaryLlamas, Camilla Lim, PhoebeLlego, Nasreen Lim, SyndelLopez, Camille Lipana, KirkLopez-Dee, Bernadette Liu, JohannaLorenzo, Adrian Sec C – Group 2

 all physical (particulate matter), chemical, and biological agents that modify the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.  contamination of the air by noxious gases and minute particles of solid and liquid matter (particulates) in concentrations that endanger health.

 Combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbon fuels in automobiles, trucks, jet airplanes produces:  nitrogen oxides  gaseous hydrocarbons  carbon monoxide  large quantities of particulates (lead)

 Burning of fossil fuels (oil and coal) in generating stations, factories, office buildings, and homes  Incineration of garbage  Uninsulated high-voltage power lines ionize the adjacent air, forming ozone and other hazardous pollutants

 Air pollutants from other sources:  insecticides  herbicides  radioactive fallout  dust from fertilizers, mining operations, and livestock feedlots

 Gases  most are invisible to the naked eye, with the exception of nitrogen dioxide, which has a brownish color.  Aerosols  consist of either solid materials or liquid droplets such as sulfuric acid.

 OZONE (O3)  PARTICULATE MATTER AIR POLLUTION (PM)  NITROGEN DIOXIDE(NO2)  SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)  CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)  LEAD

 Most chemically active form of oxygen  Formed by photochemical reaction of VOCs, NO2 + O2  Requires sunlight for formation  Peaks late afternoon  Maximum in hot, stagnant air *VOCs-volatile organic compounds

 “Good” ozone – upper atmosphere  naturally occurring form of oxygen that provides a protective layer shielding the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.  “Bad” ozone – lower atmosphere  major component of urban smog and a potent respiratory irritant

 Primary sources:  motor vehicle exhaust,  powerplants,  gas stations, etc.  Health effects:  powerful oxidant,  lung irritation and inflammation,  impaired pulmonary function,  eyes, nose, throat irritation

 To determine whether changes in lung function or respiratory symptoms would occur over the course of a summer among healthy young adults working outdoors in the presence of ozone.  The study followed 72 sophomore cadets from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point,New York, during their summer training.  All the subjects on average experienced a decline in lung function over the course of the summer. There were also significant increases in reports of cough, chest tightness, and sore throat. Kinney, P.L. and Lippmann, M. Respiratory Effects of Seasonal Exposures to Ozone and Particles. Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp , May/June 2000.

 Complex mixture of particles that can be solid, liquid or both  Includes carbon- based particles, dust and acid aerosols  Vary in size, composition, and origin

 Primary particles (from combustion sources):  carbonaceous core with chemicals (such as sulfates, metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)  Secondary particles  formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere of primary particles with gases (such as nitric oxides, ozone and sulfur oxides) leading to formation of nitrates and ammonia.

 Sources:  burning of fuels or dust from construction or mining  dirt, soot, smoke, and even liquid droplets emitted from factory smokestacks

 Coarse particles (2.5–10 micrometres) deposited in the upper respiratory tract and large airways  Fine particles (< 2.5 micrometres) may reach terminal bronchioles and alveoli PM10 - particles with diameter >10 µm (course particles) PM2.5 - particles with diameter >2.5 µm (fine particulates) PM0.1 - particles with diameter >0.1 µm (ultrafine particulates)

 Health effects:  Fine particles deposit in distal airways: Increased acute respiratory morbidity (pneumonia, asthma) Decreased lung growth and function Increased mortality (premature death, heart attacks and lung cancer)

 To investigate the relationship between daily particulate matter (PM 10 ) exposures with admissions and medical visits (emergency room, urgent care, and family practice) for respiratory and cardiovascular disease in Pocatello and Chubbuck, Idaho (population about 60,000), from November 1994 through March  In single-pollutant models, respiratory disease admissions and visits increased (7.1–15.4% per 50 g/m 3 PM 10 ) for each age group analyzed, with the highest increases in two groups, children and especially the elderly. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2007) 17, 478–487; published online 14 February 2007

 Forms when fossil fuels are burned at high temperatures  Brownish, acidic gas that also reacts with other gases to form ozone and smog

 Sources:  Power plants, industry  Motor vehicles  Natural sources (volcanoes, lightning, bacteria)  Most combustion processes produce nitrogen monoxide (NO) which through oxidation processes results in nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Nitrogen dioxide combines with oxygen in the presence of sunlight to form ozone.

 Health effects:  Emphysema in animals  Decrements in lung function  Increased airway reactivity  Increased susceptibility to infection

 To see if NO 2 increases the risk of airways obstruction when asthmatic children develop upper respiratory infections.  114 asthmatic children aged 7-12 years were followed for a total of up to 13 months  The findings give some support to the hypothesis that NO 2 increases the risk of asthmatic exacerbations following respiratory infections, even at relatively low levels of exposure BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Thoracic Society.Thorax 2000;55: (November)

 Formed by the burning of sulfur containing fuels such as coal and oil  Sources:  Combustion of sulfur- containing coal or oil  Industrial processes, melting of sulfur- containing ores  Natural sources (volcanoes)  Combines with water to form H 2 SO 4 (acid aerosol, acid rain)

 Health effects:  Gas is upper airway irritant Primarily affects nasopharynx and proximal airways  Acid aerosol particles reach distal airways bronchoconstriction slowing of bronchial mucociliary clearance chronic bronchitis

 To determine the secretory activity in experimental bronchitis with proximity to human conditions concerning hypersecretion and morphological changes.  Animals were exposed to five different concentrations of SO2 and significant differences were found between the exposure and control groups.  25 days lasting period of exposure to 20 ppm of SO2 leads to a experimental model of COPD which does not only show morphological signs of the disease but also included the predominant clinical feature of mucus hypersecretion J Occup Med Toxicol. 2006; 1: 12. Published online 2006 June 7.

 Invisible, odorless, poisonous gas  Produced by the incomplete burning of carbon in fuels  At low levels of exposure- poisonous, creating headaches, nausea and sleepiness  At higher levels- life-threatening

 Sources:  Incomplete combustion of fuels  Vehicle exhaust  Industry  Fires

 Health effects:  Combines with hemoglobin in blood  Reduces oxygen- carrying capacity  At higher risk: children with anemia, heart disease or chronic lung disease

Atmospheric CO (ppm) COHb in Blood (%) Symptoms 7010Shortness of breath upon vigorous exertion; possible tightness across the forehead Shortness of breath with moderate exertion; occasional headache with throbbing in the temples Decided headache; irritability; easily fatigued; disturbed judgment; possible dizziness; dimness of vision Headache; confusion; collapse; fainting upon exertion Unconsciousness; intermittent convulsions; respiratory failure; death if exposure is prolonged Rapidly fatal.

 Highly toxic metal found naturally in the environment as well as in manufactured products  Sources:  Tetraethyl lead in petrol  Mining and smelting of lead ores  Industry  Waste incineration  Dust (e.g. homes with old lead-based paint, battery recycling, smelters)

 Health Effects:  Interferes with many enzyme systems Haem synthesis Neurotoxic effects Blood pressure  Most severe effects in infants and young children

 Outdoor source  Moist Things or Humid Environments mold spores, bacteria, and mildew thrive in dampened towels, wash cloths, and moist or humid areas  Pets animal dander (old skin scales which are constantly shed) is a common trigger for allergies and asthma feces from pet  Insects & Other Bugs leave feces throughout the home  end up in the air we breathe In a recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, more than half the homes tested in the study had high numbers of cockroaches. Children living in these homes were more than three times as likely to be hospitalized for asthma.

 Outdoor source  Dust about 40 pounds of dust is generated per 1,500 square feet per year in a home each speck of dust serves as a means of getting into your lungs - about 40,000 dust mites and illness-causing bacteria, germs, and viruses  Vehicles Exhaust and gasoline fumes from cars in front of you in traffic come right in virtually unfiltered causing drowsiness, nausea, dizziness, headaches, and behavior problems

 Building Factors  Carpet, Plywood, and Other Construction Materials "new" smell associated with new carpet, newly painted walls, new home, remodeled room - out gassing of chemical solutions used to treat or produce these products  HVAC (heating, ventilation, and cooling) systems strip air of the natural elements air ducts - prime breeding ground for mold spores

 Human Activities  Smoking leaves air dense with cancer-causing toxins even by smoking outside, toxins from the 3600 chemicals emitted as a result of tobacco smoke cling to the clothing  release themselves into the air once inside "second-hand smoke" - four times more carcinogenic than smoke inhaled directly from a cigarette because smoker is breathing it through a filter - those around him are not

 Human Activities  Miscellaneous Sources perfumes, topical creams and medications, wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, odors, chemicals from hobbies like photography and model building, ceramic glazes, oil paints, dusty closets, plastic shades, synthetic toys, moldy/dusty wallpaper, cosmetics, nail care products, scented candles, etc. leaves air dense with cancer-causing toxins

 Economic Factors Solid fuel dependency exacerbates deforestation  contributing to build-up of greenhouse gasses, particularly carbon dioxide, in the earth's atmosphere, and thus to global climate change

Asbestos mineral fiber that has been used commonly in a variety of building construction materials for insulation and as a fire-retardant Sources deteriorating or damaged insulation, fireproofing, or acoustical materials Health Effects chest and abdominal cancers and lung diseases (smokers at higher risk) Steps to Reduce Exposure Leave undamaged asbestos material alone if it is not likely to be disturbed. Follow proper procedures in replacing wood stove door gaskets that may contain asbestos Remove asbestos by a trained contractor or develop a maintenance plan Encapsulate materials containing asbestos.

Biological Pollutants contaminants include bacteria, molds, mildew, viruses, animal dander and cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches, and pollen. Sources humans, pets, moist surfaces, humidifiers, ventilation systems, drip pans, cooling coils in air handling units, plants, outside air Health Effects From Biological Contaminants allergic reactions, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic rhinitis, Legionnaires' disease, humidifier fever, influenza, and some types of asthma. Reducing Exposure to Biological Contaminants Install and use exhaust fans that are vented to the outdoors in kitchens and bathrooms and vent clothes dryers outdoors. Keep the house clean. House dust mites, pollens, animal dander, and other allergy-causing agents can be reduced, although not eliminated, through regular cleaning.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) odorless, colorless and toxic gas. Because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes, CO can kill you before you are aware it is in your home. Sources unvented kerosene and gas space heaters; leaking chimneys and furnaces; back-drafting from furnaces, gas water heaters, wood stoves, and fireplaces; gas stoves; generators and other gasoline powered equipment; automobile exhaust from attached garages; and tobacco smoke. Health Effects eye, nose, and throat irritation, impaired lung function and respiratory function in children, bronchitis, lung cancer, flu-like symptoms

Steps to Reduce Exposure to Carbon Monoxide It is most important to be sure combustion equipment is maintained and properly adjusted. Keep gas appliances properly adjusted. Consider purchasing a vented space heater when replacing an unvented one. Use proper fuel in kerosene space heaters. Install and use an exhaust fan vented to outdoors over gas stoves.

Formaldehyde is an important chemical used widely by industry to manufacture building materials and numerous household products. Sources pressed wood products (hardwood plywood wall paneling, particleboard, fiberboard) and furniture made with these pressed wood products; urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI); combustion sources and environmental tobacco smoke; durable press drapes, other textiles, and glues Health Effects can cause watery eyes, burning sensations in the eyes and throat, nausea, and difficulty in breathing in some humans exposed at elevated levels, fatigue, rashes, and allergic reactions; death at very high concentration.

Steps to Reduce Exposure Use "exterior-grade" pressed wood products (lower- emitting because they contain phenol resins, not urea resins). Use air conditioning and dehumidifiers to maintain moderate temperature and reduce humidity levels. Increase ventilation, particularly after bringing new sources of formaldehyde into the home. Use products with lower emission rates of formaldehyde. Keep humidity low in house. Prevent aging or baking of products.

Organic Gases (Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids Sources household products including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preservatives; aerosol sprays; cleansers and disinfectants; moth repellents and air fresheners; stored fuels and automotive products; hobby supplies; dry-cleaned clothing.

Health Effects conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, emesis, epistaxis, fatigue, dizziness Steps to Reduce Exposure Increase ventilation when using products that emit VOCs. Meet or exceed any label precautions. Do not store opened containers of unused paints and similar materials within the home. Use in well-ventilated areas or outdoors. Hang dry cleaned clothes in an open area for about 6 hours.

Lead (Pb) long been recognized as a harmful environmental pollutant Sources lead-based paint, contaminated soil, dust, and drinking water Health Effects lead affects practically all systems within the body; at high levels (at or above 80 micrograms per deciliter of blood) can cause convulsions, coma, and death Steps to Reduce Exposure Keep areas where children play as dust-free and clean as possible. Leave lead-based paint undisturbed if it is in good condition; do not sand or burn off paint that may contain lead. Do not remove lead paint yourself.

Pesticides chemical that kills plants or animals that compete for humanity's food supply or are otherwise undesirable products used most often are insecticides and disinfectants Health Effects irritation to eye, nose, and throat; damage to central nervous system and kidney; increased risk of cancer; symptoms include headache, dizziness, muscular weakness, and nausea; chronic exposure to some pesticides can result in damage to the liver, kidneys, endocrine and nervous systems

Steps to Reduce Exposure Use strictly according to manufacturer's directions. Mix or dilute outdoors. Apply only in recommended quantities. Increase ventilation when using indoors. Take plants or pets outdoors when applying pesticides/flea and tick treatments. Use non-chemical methods of pest control where possible. Do not store unneeded pesticides inside home; dispose of unwanted containers safely.

Secondhand Tobacco Smoke a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled by smokers Sources cigarettes, cigars, and pipes Health Effects eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, and pneumonia; increased risk of respiratory and ear infections in children; lung cancer and increased risk of heart disease Steps to Reduce Exposure Keep your home and car smoke-free. Discourage others from smoking. Isolate smokers outdoors.

 an illness or combination of ailments (syndrome) affecting workers in office buildings, characterized by skin irritations, headache, and respiratory problems, and thought to be caused by indoor pollutants, microorganisms, or inadequate ventilation  used to describe situations in which building occupants experience acute health effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific illness or cause can be identified  complaints may be localized in a particular room or zone, or may be widespread throughout the building

 generally experience symptoms related to : eyes, nose, throat, and skin.  may complain of overall symptoms such as feeling very tired  symptoms have no other known cause or explanation  symptoms – reversible  report relief soon after leaving the building

 Inadequate ventilation  reduced outdoor air ventilation rates - inadequate to maintain health and comfort of building occupants  may also occur if heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems do not effectively distribute air to people in the building  American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) - recently revised its ventilation standard: minimum of 15 cubic feet per minute (cfm) of outdoor air per person (20 cfm/person in office spaces)

 Chemical contaminants from indoor sources  e.g. adhesives, carpeting, upholstery, manufactured wood products, copy machines, pesticides, and cleaning agents may emit VOCs, including formaldehyde  environmental tobacco smoke - contributes high levels of VOCs  combustion products – e.g. carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, as well as respirable particles, can come from unvented kerosene and gas space heaters, woodstoves, fireplaces and gas stoves

 Chemical contaminants from outdoor sources  pollutants from motor vehicle exhausts; plumbing vents, and building exhausts (e.g., bathrooms and kitchens) - can enter building through poorly located air intake vents, windows, and other openings  combustion products from a nearby garage

 Biological contaminants  bacteria, molds, pollen, and viruses  breed in stagnant water that has accumulated in ducts, humidifiers and drain pans, or where water has collected on ceiling tiles, carpeting, or insulation  insects or bird droppings - can be a source of biological contaminants  physical symptoms related to biological contamination - cough, chest tightness, fever, chills, muscle aches, and allergic responses such as mucous membrane irritation and upper respiratory congestion

 Pollutant source removal or modification  Increasing ventilation rates  Replacement of water-stained ceiling tiles and carpeting  Institution of smoking restrictions.  Use paints, adhesives, solvents, and pestidices in well-ventilated areas, and use of these pollutant sources during periods of non-occupancy  Proper and frequent maintenance of HVAC systems  Fitting easy to clean air supply diffusers and ductwork like a textile diffuser  Education and communication

Thank you!