Part 2

Missionaries Were more important than other Europeans in race relations Needed cooperation of Maori as did others, but Usually Missionaries came to stay They sought to change Maori life and society Humanitarian and missionary organisations influenced governemnt policy in Britain Attempts to convert ‘heathens’ were part of overall Christian renewal in Britain

First Missionaries From Church Missionary Society 1814 Marsden brought lay missionaries to Rangihoua in Bay of Islands. To encourage a spirit of trade Through trade bring Maori to Christianity Expected to set moral example Not usually interested in trying to understand Maori culture

Early Missionaries cont’d Initially poor conditions and relied on Maori to survive Dominated by local Maori to start with Achieved little as missionaries of Christian faith Presence added to existing interaction between Maori and Pakeha Interdenominational rivalry puzzled Maori

Samuel Marsden A Chaplain, magistrate and landowner in NSW Met a number of Maori including Te Pahi (1805) in Sydney Considered Maori potential Christians 1807 asked Church Missionary Society to sponsor mission to NZ Became Society’s chief agent in South pacific NZ delayed until 1814 – Boyd incident Visited NZ 7 times to keep missions going

Thomas Kendall Developed some knowledge of Maori school at Rangihoua but it failed through lack of supplies 1820 publisheda grammar ofNZ language Tried to understand Maori concepts and symbolism Evangelical, temper, sense of sin – fell out with other missionaries Had a sexual liaison with a Maori servant and former pupil

Rev Henry Williams 1823 arrived in Bay of Islands Influenced CMS and its relations with Maori 1830s missionaries all around North Island Ex-naval officer and strong leader and energy Aquired mana for himself and missionaries

Rev Henry Williams cont’d Williams related well to Maori leaders and was not intimidated by them Used spiritual teaching rather than civilisation to convert Re-established schooling for Maori children Reduced missionaries involvment in trade Encouraged missionaries to speak Maori

Other Denominations Weslyans at head of Whangaroa Harbour Initially Maori dominated Weslyans insisting on trade rather than teaching Mission sacked 1827 – weslyans fled Rebuilt Mangungu at Hokianga under protection of Patuone and Waka Nene

Catholics Bishop Pompallier from France in 1838 Mission established at Kororareka Pompallier tall and had impact and presence Lernt English and Maori Travelled extensively Too late to have much influence as Maori turned away from Christianity in 1840s

Closer in 1830s Pace of acculturation increased Maori and Pakeha more dependent on each other NZ became closer to Britain and outside world

Acculturation Maori became more afflicted with European diseases Maori began to adopt Christianity Took up alcohol and tobacco Increasing number of Europeans-2000 by 1840 approx Most interaction in North of North Island More ships visiting (Bay of Islands had 24 per year in 1820s to 137 per year between ) More indirect contact away from northern North Island

Maori and Christianity 1830s - thousands of Maori accepted Christianity Maori saw no conflict between accepting Christianity and continuing traditional formds of religious activity Most conversion from Maori evangelists rather than missionaries First Maori conversions were slaves

Acceptance Mid-1830s most missionaries spoke Maori William Williams had translated whole of New Testament to Maori Common Prayer book translated by 1837 Colenso printed first Maori new Testaments Dec Written word gave Maori access to European knowledge

Maori Conversion For desire for links with pakeha and access to goods such as arms Adaptations of Christianity Interpretations of Maori teachers Access to European power Missionaries offered way of coping with disease More effective missionary methods Intellectual curiosity Means of ending warfare Appeal of literacy Some acceptance of western dominance

Nature of Conversion Did not turn Maori into ‘brown Europeans’ overnight Maori stimulated by biblical ideas but still held to traditional beliefs Maori identified with Jews but also saw Jesus as offering hope for the future Literacy acquired was of Te Reo but Maori also began to need English Maori adapted christianity -’adjustment cults’.

Papahurihia A Ngai tahu tohunga developed Maori religious movement in 1830s based on Maori beliefs and biblical teachings Name of god worshiped was Papahurihia Followers called Hurai (Jews) Observed Sabbath on Saturday Opposed Protestant missionaries

Wiremu Tamihana Of Ngati Haua and a Maori leader influenced by a CMS missionary 1830s- directed his tribe towards Christianity Had mana of his father and own deeds Saw Christian god as more powerful than Maori Atua – agreed with coexistance Established new christian village – Te Tapiri and Peria 1840s also lead people in establishing farming, teaching and maintaining justice

Late 1830s European settlement had more impact on Maori relations in North By late 1830s most Maori impacted by Europeans Missionaries encouraged Maori to look to Britain as their protector From 1826 a British naval ship visited from NSW regularly Missionaries developed power because of faith and were seen as represenatives of British

British Representative Busby appointed 1833 Waitangi Maori gathering 1834 Busby asked chiefs to select a flag 28 Oct 1825 Busby encouraged chiefs to sign a Declaration of Independence British governemnt recognised Declaration and independence of Maori Protection extended to Maori

Busby’s Failure Tribal rivalry, competition and war Inability to introuce British authority Any more steps would have to be more formal before settlement Change of British view from one that accomodated Europeans in NZ to one that accomodated Maori.

Pressures Lawless Europeans in North Mutual dependence broken down by increased numbers of Europeans Maori still wanted more trade and access to Europeans Missionaries wanted to protect Maori from Lawlessness British traders petitioned for more control and enforce peace Exagerated reports of unrest sent to Britain CMS agitated for British control to protect Maori

British Actions 1837 Busby suggetsed a British protectorate for NZ 1837 Hobson suggetsed not a full takeover but more involvment and negotiation British government considered a charter but idea rejected Genuine concerns for Maori but no idea of how to protect them from unscrupulous Europeans Unwilling to expend money on any involvement

Fcators Influencing Increased British Involvement French and US becoming more interested in NZ Shonky land deals NZ Company sought to establish colonies whether Britain involved or not British governemnt changed in 1839 and so new policy ‘Tory’ left in 1839 followed by 6 emigrant ships The Tory

Decision British government decided on formal intervention No consultation with Maori July-August 1839 Limited intervention decided upon to control settlers and protect Maori Treaty needed as Britain had already accepted Maori sovereignty and independence under the Declaration of Independence in 1835.

References Based on Graham Langton, (2005) Pre Maori/Pakeha Relations in Year 13 – New Zealand in the 19 th Century. Auckland: ESA Publications. pp.55-64