1. Pre-1840 Maori/Pakeha Relations
Part 1

2. Summary of Influences Pakeha attitudes of superiority
Marked difference between societies and cultures
Based on economics: exchange, trade and exploitation
Maori choices about interaction and relationship with Pakeha were important
Increasing European presence after 1830s

3. Basic Race Relations Two Views
1. Eurocentric: Europeans considered other races inferior,
2. Balanced: Modern view
that mutual understanding
may be limited, hence
mutual influence and
learning from each other.

4. First Culture Contact James Cook 1769-1777 – barter and exchange
Both tried force at times but that worked against trade
Early visits were irregular
Which led to competition amongst Maori for European goods.

5. Regular contact Early Pakeha escaped convicts and runaway sailors
Sudney entrepreneurs and traders
More frequent after 1800 – whalers & sealers & timber
Maori visited Sydney after 1805
Missionaries and trade after 1814

6. Intentions Maori willing to adopt and adapt
Maori attitudes depended on intentions of vistors
Direct interaction on ships or going overseas – sudden change
Indirect interaction by Maori or Maori-Pakeha which led to more controlled change and easier to cope with.

7. Trade
Maori
Food, women, labour, artifacts, knowledge, NZ travel, protection,timber, flax, land.
Europeans
Metal, muskets, boats, overseas travel, new crops, clothing, alcohol, tobaccao,literacy, religion

8. Choice and Negotiation
Interaction and change involved Choice and Negotiation
Maori:- because of strength and
self-confidence in their culture
European:- assumptions of
superiority and profit motive

9. Dominance :
European visitors and Pakeha assumed dominance of their own culture
In practice Maori dominant up until 1840s
- outnumbered Pakeha until 1850s
Desire for dominance led to conflict
Desire for trade controlled
agression on both sides

10. Types of Conflict Maori travellers often ill-treated on ships
- saw British culture
Early European travellers and sojourners
- Sealers
- whalers
- traders
- Pakeha Maori
- Maori women/wives

11. Mana Europeans seen as good for mana
- derived from presence of Europeans
- Maori control over Europeans
- Access to Europeans’ trade goods

12. Muskets 1810 Maori scrambled for muskets from Europeans
Musket wars spread in 1820s-30s
Caused Maori migration to avoid attack
Greater destruction than traditional weapons
Musket did not respect rank
Traditional weapons still used dense bush and hand-to-hand fighting

13. Hongi Hika
Nga Puhi
Defeat of Nga Puhi by Ngati Whaua in 1810 gave Hongi Hika desire for utu
Sought European contact from 1814
First major leader to use muskets
Used slaves to cultivate potatos to trade for muskets
1820 traded gifts from England for muskets in Sydney
led many campaigns until death in 1828

14. Te Rauparaha Ngati Toa and Ngati Raukawa Decent
Outstanding leader of his people
Threatened by Waikato tribes in late 18th-early 19th C
Ventured from Hauraki Gulf to Taranaki and Cook Strait.
By 1819 was using muskets
In 1820 under pressure from Waikato, left migration to Taranaki and then Kapiti.

15. Te Rauparaha cont’d Set up base in Kapiti
Used slavs to build flax plantations and traded with Europeans for muskets
Abt began series of raids on South Island to gain Pounamu
1830s consolidated hold on central North Island, southern North Island and northern South Island

16. New Balance of Power Eventually all tribes had muskets
By 1830s new balance of tribal power based on muskets rather than traditional weapons
Conflict continued through 1830s but
Destruction less than during 1820s

17. References
Based on Graham Langton, (2005) Pre-1840 Maori/Pakeha Relations in Year 13 – New Zealand in the 19th Century. Auckland: ESA Publications. pp.43-54