Personality

PERSONALITY “A relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual’s behavior” Or A sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others

PERSONALITY TRAITS The research on personality revolved around attempts to identify characteristics that describes an individual’s behavior. Popular characteristics include shy, aggressive, submissive, lazy, ambitious, and loyal

THE BIG 5 PERSONALITY MODEL The personality theory that states that in order to understand individuals, we must break down behavior patterns into a series of observable traits. EXTRAVERSION AGREEABLENESS CONSCIENTIOUSNESS EMOTIONAL STABILITY OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE

BIG 5 TRAIT WHY IT IS RELEVANT? WHAT DOES IT AFFECT? EMOTIONAL STABILITY Less negative thinking & fewer negative emotions Less hyper-vigilant Higher job & life satisfaction Lower stress levels EXTRAVERSION Better interpersonal skills Greater social Dominance More Emotionally expressive Higher performance Enhanced leadership Higher job & life satisfaction OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE Increased learning More creative More flexible & Autonomous Training Performance Enhanced leadership More adaptable to change AGREEABLENESS Better Liked More compliant & conforming Higher performance Lower levels of deviant behavior CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Greater effort & persistence More drive & discipline Better organized & planning Higher performance Enhanced leadership

THE JUNGIAN APPROACH AND MBTI Swiss Psychiatrist Carl Jung built his work on the notion that people are fundamentally different, but also fundamentally alike.

MBTI PREFERENCES There are four preferences in type theory, and two possible choices for each of the four preferences. The combination of these preferences makes up an individual’s psychological type. Extraversion/Introversion Sensing/Intuiting Thinking/Feeling Judging/Perceiving

EXTRAVERSION / INTROVERSION A preference indicating that an individual is energized with other people. Introversion- A preference indicating that an individual is energized by time alone. EXTRAVERSION-(E) Auditory Expressive Enthusiastic Initiator Gregarious INTROVERSION- (I) Quiet Intimate Receptor Contained Visual

2-SENSING / INTUITING SENSING-S INTUITING-N SENSING- Gathering information through the five senses. INTUITING- Gathering information through “sixth sense” and focusing on what could be rather than what actually exists. SENSING-S Realistic Traditional Pragmatic Experiential Concrete INTUITING-N Imaginative Abstract Intellectual Original Theoretical

3-THINKING / FEELING THINKING- Making decisions in a logical, objective fashion. FEELING- Making decisions in a personal, value oriented way. THINKING -T Critical Tough Minded Questioning Logical Reasonable FEELING -F Accepting Tender Hearted Accommodating Affective Compassionate

4-JUDGING / PERCEIVING JUDGING- Preferring closure and completion in making decisions. PERCEIVING- Preferring to explore many alternatives and flexibility. PERCEIVING-P Casual Spontaneous Open-ended Emergent Pressure Prompted JUDGING -J Early Starter Systematic Scheduled Planful Methodical

Personality Characteristics in Organizations Managers should learn as much as possible about personality in order to understand their employees. Hundreds of personality characteristics have been identified. Personality Characteristics in Organizations?

Personality Characteristics in Organizations 1. Core Self Evaluation 2. Machiavellianism 3. Narcissism 4. Self Monitoring 5. Risk taking 6.Type A and B personalities 7. Proactive Personality

1. Core Self Evaluation

Internal Locus of control External Locus of control An individual’s generalized behavior about internal control (self control) versus external control (control by the situations or others) Internal Locus of control People who believe they control what happens to them. External Locus of control People who believe that circumstances or other people control their fate.

SELF ESTEEM Individuals’ degree of liking and disliking themselves and the degree to which they think they are worthy or unworthy as people.

2. Machiavellianism

MACHIAVELLIANISM The degree to which an individual believes that the ends justify the means and behave in a manner which aims at increasing their level of power within an organization.

3. Narcissism

NARCISSISM A person high in narcissism has a grandiose sense of self importance, requires excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement and is arrogant

4. Self-Monitoring

SELF-MONITORING The extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.”

5. Risk Taking

RISK TAKING People differ in their willingness to take chances. This propensity to assume or avoid risk affects how long it takes managers to make a decision and how much information they require before making choice.

6. The Lifestyle Approach

TYPE - A TYPE - B THE LIFESTYLE APPROACH From the point of view of broad lifestyles, two types of personalities have been identified. TYPE - A TYPE - B Are impatient with the rate of work Move and eat rapidly Want to measure everything Do several things simultaneously Never feel urgency and are patient Are relaxed Eat in leisurely fashion enjoy themselves Do not display their achievements Play for fun Rather than to prove themselves

7. Proactive Personality

PROACTIVE PERSONALITY Some people take the initiative to improve their current circumstances or creative new ones while others sit by passively reacting to situations.

PERSONALITY-JOB FIT THEORY Holland (1985) has proposed a “personality-job fit” theory of personality. This theory makes a case for job-specific personality types. He has suggested 6 personality types and has prepared an instrument containing 160 occupational titles. Based on respondent’s preferences, their personality profiles are prepared.

Holland’s Personality Types for Different Occupations

TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT CHARACTERISTICS? OCCUPATIONS Realistic: Prefers physical activities that require skill, strength & coordination Shy, genuine, persistent, stable, conforming & practical. Mechanic, drill press operator, Assembly-line worker & farmer. Investigative: Prefers activities that involve thinking & organizing. Analytical, original, curious & independent. Biologist, economist, News reporter & mathematician. Social: Prefers activities that involve helping & developing others. Sociable, friendly, cooperative & understanding. Social worker, teacher, Clinical psychologist & Counselor. Conventional: Prefers rule- regulated, orderly & unambiguous activities. Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative & inflexible. Accountant, bank teller, corporate manager & file clerk Enterprising: Prefers verbal activities. Self-confident, ambitious, energetic & domineering. Lawyer, real estate agent, Public relations specialist & Small business manager. Artistic: Prefers ambiguous & unsystematic activities that Allow creative expression. Imaginative, disorderly, Idealistic, emotional & impractical Painter, musician, writer, & interior decorator.