Varieties of Intelligence Evidence from Brain Damage and Cases of Unusual Development An Ecological Perspective on Intelligence

How People Reason and Solve Problems Inductive Reasoning and Biases in It The Concrete Nature of Deductive Reasoning Some Strategies for Solving Problems: Elements of Insight

How People Reason and Solve Problems Inductive Reasoning: Biases –representativeness –base-rate fallacy –availability bias –confirmation bias

Representativeness Linda is 31, single, outspoken, very bright. As a student she majored in philosophy, was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues and participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Which statement is more likely? Linda is a bank teller Linda is a bank-teller and active in the feminist movement

Confirmation Bias You serve on a jury on a custody case following a messy divorce. Given the complicated facts of the case you decide to base your decision on the following few observations.

To which parent would you award sole custody of the child?

Which parent would you deny custody of the child?

Parent A: average job and income, average health, average working hours, reasonable rapport with the child, relatively stable social life Parent B: above average income, minor health problems, lots of work related travel, very close relationship with child, extremely active social life

Roles of Language in Thought Thinking in Different Languages Effects of Wording on Thinking Within a Language: Double-Speak

The Nature-Nurture Debate Concerning IQ IQ Differences Among Individuals Within a Cultural Group IQ Differences Between Cultural Groups

Heritability Misconception: “How much of a person’s intelligence is due to genes, how much to the environment??

How much of the area of a rectangle is due to its height how much to its width?? In each group, how much of the differences in area is due to differences in height vs width? Group A?Group B?

Heritability “How much of a person’s intelligence is due to genes, how much to the environment?? Within a group, how much of the differences in intelligence is caused by genes vs environment? Group A: 2 identical twins Group B: 2 adopted siblings

Heritability h 2 = variance due to genes total variance = variance due to genes var. due to genes + var. due to environment increase genetic variance/ environmental variance. Result? environmentality?

Heritability In groups studied: h 2 =0.8 Problem: group was culturally homogenous Higher h 2 than would be found in culturally diverse group High within group-heritability does not mean high between-group heritability

Same genetically diverse seed mix on Field 1 and 2 Each field is uniform Reason for differences in plant size within a field? Field 1: H2=0.8 Average difference: F1/ F2: 3 inches Reason for differences in average plant size between fields?

Evidence for environmental cause for Black/ White IQ differences No correlation between IQ and degree of African ancestry matched environment tends to eliminate difference (eg: children of servicemen in Germany IQ difference similar to Buraku/Majority difference in Japan: difference gone when Buraku move to states

Effect of environment on IQ