Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 13 Technology in American Schools

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.2 Contrasting Views of Technology  Hardware Emphasizes technological hardware and machines Emphasizes technological hardware and machines Based on a transmission view of learning Based on a transmission view of learning  Process Emphasizes integration of technology into instruction Emphasizes integration of technology into instruction Based upon cognitive perspectives that emphasize the active involvement of students in learning Based upon cognitive perspectives that emphasize the active involvement of students in learning

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.3 Classroom Applications of Technology  Drill and practice  Tutorials  Teaching problem solving and higher-level thinking skills  Using word processing to teach writing  Using the Internet as an instructional tool

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.4 Drill and Practice  Software designed to provide extensive practice with feedback  Best software programs are adaptive, matching the demands of the task to a student’s ability  Benefits include: Practice with immediate feedback Practice with immediate feedback Motivation Motivation Saving teacher time for other instruction Saving teacher time for other instruction

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.5 Tutorials  Uses include: Initial instruction on a topic Initial instruction on a topic Additional support for students who need extra instruction on a topic Additional support for students who need extra instruction on a topic Advanced study for high achievers Advanced study for high achievers Alternatives to teacher-led instruction Alternatives to teacher-led instruction  Can utilize multimedia and hypermedia options

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.6 Using Technology to Teach Problem Solving and Higher-Level Thinking Skills  Simulations: model a system or process; a slice of real life outside the classroom  Problem solving programs: present realistic, complex problems to think about and solve  Databases: can store, organize, and manipulate information in problem solving  Spreadsheets: a way to organize and manipulate numerical data

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.7 Word Processing: Using Technology to Teach Writing  Advantages of word processing: Text more legible Text more legible Increases the amount of text available for viewing at one time Increases the amount of text available for viewing at one time Improves the efficiency of entering, revising, and editing text Improves the efficiency of entering, revising, and editing text Allows students to store and combine ideas Allows students to store and combine ideas Facilitates communities of writers by using e- mail to share drafts and provide feedback Facilitates communities of writers by using e- mail to share drafts and provide feedback

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.8 Word Processing (continued)  Word processing encourages students to: Write more Write more Revise more thoroughly Revise more thoroughly Make fewer grammatical and punctuation errors Make fewer grammatical and punctuation errors Have more positive attitudes toward writing Have more positive attitudes toward writing  Word processing does not eliminate the need for sound basic writing instruction.

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.9 Using the Internet as an Instructional Tool  The Internet can be used to Facilitate communication between students in different locations Facilitate communication between students in different locations Communicate ideas and gather information for problem-based learning Communicate ideas and gather information for problem-based learning  Chat rooms allow simultaneous communication in real time  Bulletin boards allow students to post and store messages

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.10 Distance Learning  Probably the fastest growing and most successful application of technology  Options include: Videoconferencing: teacher/student interaction via sound or television Videoconferencing: teacher/student interaction via sound or television Computer conferencing: teacher/student communication via chat rooms or bulletin boards Computer conferencing: teacher/student communication via chat rooms or bulletin boards Web-based systems: learners watch video and access research information Web-based systems: learners watch video and access research information

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.11 Distance Learning (continued)  Quality of instruction is more important than the form that distance learning takes.  Students need assistance when first using distance learning technologies.

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.12 Using Technology to Support Learners with Disabilities  Assistive technology is a set of adaptive tools that support students with disabilities in learning activities and daily life tasks.  Adaptations to computer input devices provide options to the standard keyboard Increased size of keyboard Increased size of keyboard Different keyboard arrangements Different keyboard arrangements Substituting pictures or icons for letter keys Substituting pictures or icons for letter keys

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.13 Using Technology to Support Learners with Disabilities (continued)  Adaptations to output devices Special large-screen monitors Special large-screen monitors Magnifiers that change size of print Magnifiers that change size of print Speech synthesizers for students who are blind Speech synthesizers for students who are blind Braille conversion mechanisms Braille conversion mechanisms

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.14 Teacher-Support Applications of Technology  Preparing instructional materials  Assessing student learning  Communicating with parents

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.15 PowerPoint Presentation Options  Written text  Photographs  Samples of student work  Charts and graphs  Video clips  Voice-overs

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.16 Using Technology to Assess Student Learning  Planning and constructing tests  Administering tests  Scoring and interpreting tests  Maintaining student records

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.17 Instructional Issues in the Use of Educational Technology  Quality of available software  Instructional alignment problems  Accountability and time constraints  Plagiarism and cheating  Censorship

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.18 Internet Censorship  Internet access is both a plus and minus for students. It provides access to a wealth of information. It provides access to a wealth of information. It also allows students to access information that is undesirable. It also allows students to access information that is undesirable.

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.19 Internet Censorship (continued)  Internet filtering software can block out entire lists of Web pages on certain topics: Criminal skills Criminal skills Hate speech Hate speech Drugs Drugs Gambling Gambling Sex Sex

Kauchak and Eggen, Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, 3rd Ed. © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.20 Internet Censorship (continued)  Controversies involving Internet censorship: Censorship is inefficient and can prevent access to many educationally defensible sites. Censorship is inefficient and can prevent access to many educationally defensible sites. Should filtering occur at the federal, state, or local levels? Should filtering occur at the federal, state, or local levels?