Particle research at VTI NORTRIP meeting Mats Gustafsson & Göran Blomqvist

VTI in brief VTI, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, is an independent and internationally prominent research institute within the transport sector. Ca 180 employees in Linköping, Stockholm, Göteborg and Borlänge

Services Research and development Measurement and testing Consultancy services Courses and seminars Library and information services

Research areas ●Infrastructure maintenance ●Vehicle technology ●Sustainable transport ●Humans and the transport system ●Society and transport ●Traffic safety ●Traffic analysis ●Transport economics ●Road and rail engineering

Ongoing relevant projects at VTI Material properties and PM emission and properties: Influence of asphalt pavement properties on particle formation and properties. Do concrete pavements generate less particles than asphalt pavements? Effects on particle emission of rubber mixed asphalt pavements (“GummiWear II”). Including PM generation in the VTI wear model. KnowWear – VTI project about generation, emission and dispersion of non-exhaust particles. Expected: continued studies on tyre related PM. PM and health: WearTox II – toxicological studies on wear particles from different stone materials in pavements (VTI, LiU, LTH, CBI).

Ongoing relevant projects at VTI (cont.) Measures against PM: Street sweeping as a measure against PM10 (VTI, SLB) Factors affecting dust binding effect of CMA (EU-projekt, Cities of Klagenfurt, Lienz, Bruneck and Nordisk Aluminat A/S) Unpaved roads Road surface: The winter model (salt and surface wetness) Method development: Wet Dust Sampler (WDS) Duster Evaluation techniques using the VTI Road Simulator

Potential contribution to NORTRIP Relations between PM emission (and properties) and pavements (construction and stone material parameters), tyres, speed, humidity, road surface characteristics etc Emission factors from road simulator (?) Road surface condition parameters and models (related to road salt, humidity etc.). Development of PM module in the VTI wear model. Wear particle properties (size distributions, chemical profiles). Toxicity of wear particles. Effects of measures against road dust.

Expected outcome of NORTRIP Improved network for knowledge charing and dissemination Possibilities to validate and implement VTI results and methods in models and tools Improved modelling use

What knowledge do we need about road dust? How can we abate it? Minimize the sources  Decrease studded tyre use  Adjust tyres  Adjust pavements and gritting material  Ajust traffic (less traffic, lower speed) Minimize dispersion to air  Dust binding  Sweeping?  Ajust traffic (less traffic, lower speed, less heavy vehicles)  … How hazardous is road dust to health? ●Particle properties ●Health studies  Epidemiology  Toxicology

Research area 1: Material properties and PM emission and properties

The VTI road simulator

How do pavement choice affect PM10 production?

Largest stone size (D max )

Resistance to fragmentation (LA) of stones in ABS (Ska)

Stone material important also when NOT using studded tyres Unstudded central european winter tyres on gneiss pavement Unstudded central european winter tyres on chalk pavement Calcium

30 km/h50 km/h70 km/h Summer tyres Influence on PM10 in road simulator

30 km/h50 km/h70 km/h Unstudded Nordic winter tyres Influence on PM10 in road simulator Summer tyres

30 km/h50 km/h70 km/h Studded tyres Influence on PM10 in road simulator Unstudded Nordic winter tyres Summer tyres

Example of tyre (and speed) influence in road simulator

Size distributions studded tyres Tyre/pavement wear ?

Nokian Hakkapeliitta 4 with and without studs

Particles in PM10 from city air

Composition of particle size distribution Studded tyreUnstudded Nordic winter tyreSummer tyre

Coarse tyre (?) particles

Research area 2 PM and health

Hälsostudie: Inflammationspotential Damm från granitbeläggning Damm från kvartsitbeläggning Damm från Hornsgatan, Sthlm Damm från tunnelbanan, Sthlm Dieselpartiklar

Aims: Investigate what micro-textural properties within stone material that affect formation of inhalable particles and to investigate the toxicity in airways of coarse and fine pavement wear particles in relation to physical, chemical and and morphological particle properties.

Research area 3 Measures against PM

“Effects of dust binding of paved roads” (SNRA funded project)

Results - dust binding effect 30-40% ca 4-5 days ”Virgin application” Added effect?

Results – friction reduction

Conclusions Dust binding effect  Initial effect (ca 35-40%) and duration (3-4 days) equal for all tested binders under current conditions  Effect duration longer than reported from city street trials Friction reduction ●Initial reduction:  CMA > MgCl2 = sugar > CaCl2  Friction reduction duration tends to be longer for the chlorides than for CMA and sugar, but needs further evaluation Under the prevailing conditions, dust binders remain on the road surface outside the wheel tracks for weeks.

What is the recommendation? We recommend chlorides on roads where corrosion and environmental issues are not high priority, but CMA or sugar otherwise. The importance of friction reduction problems increases with speed and in sharp turns (e.g. roundabouts). SNRA will recommend chlorides on their roads.

CMA+ - an EU Life+ project on dust bindning Follows the KAPA-GS project Implementation of CMA for dust binding in Klagenfurt, Bruneck and Lientz VTI role to test particle formation from different pavements and to study particle formation from CMA treated pavements in different concentrations and doses

Increased CMA effect at higher humidity 35% 63% 80%

Increased CMA effect at higher humidity Humidity effect Dose effect

New project to test ”promising” sweeping techniques Disab-Tella Dulevo

Road surface properties

Method development

Wet Dust Sampler Can measure dust load on the road surface and chemistry of dissolved substances on the surface etc.

Duster + Fly ash tests Currently under modification

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