Chapter 3 Page 62 Planet Earth

Chapter 3 The Earth as a System Section 1 The Geosphere The Earth as a System The Earth is an integrated system that consists of rock, air, water, and living things that all interact with each other. Scientists divided this system into four parts: The Geosphere (rock) The Atmosphere (air) The Hydrosphere (water) The Biosphere (living things)

Chapter 3 Section 1 The Geosphere The Earth as a System

Chapter 3 The Earth as a System Section 1 The Geosphere The Earth as a System The geosphere is the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth that extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust.

The Composition of the Earth Chapter 3 Section 1 The Geosphere The Composition of the Earth Earth’s three layers: The crust The mantle The core These layers are made up of progressively denser material toward the center of the Earth.

The Composition of the Earth Chapter 3 Section 1 The Geosphere The Composition of the Earth The crust is the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle. It is the thinnest layer, and makes up less than 1 percent of the planet’s mass.

CHANGES IN THE LITHOSPHERE Made of several large, movable plates called TECTONIC PLATES that are naturally moving.

Where do Earthquakes Occur? Chapter 3 Section 1 The Geosphere Where do Earthquakes Occur?

Plate Boundaries: 1. Convergent - explosive 2. Divergent – volcanoes 2. Divergent – volcanoes/seafloor spreading 3. Transform - EQ

Earthquake impacts EQ destroy existing structures. To rebuild this is a waste of resources. Also disasters destroy natural ecosystems.

San Francisco

Volcano natural pollution impacts Have natural carbon emissions into the atmosphere! Hurts the water quality Changes the temperature by blocking out the sun! Releases SO2 which causes acid rain and acidic bodies of water! During and eruption, volcanic ash can mix with water and produce mudflow that runs downhill. In addition, ash that falls to the ground can cause buildings to collapse under its weight, bury crops, damage the engines of vehicles, and cause breathing difficulties .

Deadly Volcanic ash clouds

Chapter 3 Section 1 The Geosphere Erosion The Earth’s surface is continually battered by wind and scoured by running water, which moves rocks around and changes their appearance. Erosion is the process in which the materials of the Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported form one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice or gravity. Erosion wears downs rocks and makes them smoother as times passes. Older mountains are therefore smoother than younger ones.

Chapter 3 Section 1 The Geosphere Water Erosion Erosion by both rivers and oceans can produce dramatic changes on Earth’s surface. Waves from ocean storms can erode coastlines to give rise to a variety of landforms, Over time, rivers can carve deep gorges into the landscape.

Chapter 3 Wind Erosion Wind also changes the landscape of the planet. Section 1 The Geosphere Wind Erosion Wind also changes the landscape of the planet. In places where few plants grow, such as beaches and deserts, wind can blow soil away very quickly. Soft rocks, such as sandstone, erode more easily than hard rocks, such as granite do.

All 3 places make up the… BIOSPHERE “All parts of the earth that support and contain life”

Life

Standardized Test Prep Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of the Earth? A. the asthenosphere B. the geosphere C. the lithosphere D. the mesosphere

Standardized Test Prep Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What is the cool, rigid, outermost layer of the Earth? A. the asthenosphere B. the geosphere C. the lithosphere D. the mesosphere

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. The collision of tectonic plates creates what geologic feature? A. earthquakes B. faults C. mountains D. volcanoes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 3 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. The collision of tectonic plates creates what geologic feature? A. earthquakes B. faults C. mountains D. volcanoes

Day 2

3.2 Atmosphere The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, such as Earth. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases are all parts of this mixture.

Composition of the Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere Composition of the Atmosphere Nitrogen - 78 % Oxygen - 21 % In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains many types of tiny, solid particles, or atmospheric dust.

Layers of the Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is divided into four layers based on temperature changes that occur at different distances above the Earth’s surface. The Troposphere The Stratosphere The Mesosphere The Thermosphere

Troposphere (touches earth) Importance: Has most of the gas molecules Has most of water vapor Most weather occurs here

Unfortunately…. This is also where our pollution accumulates, as well as our heat that is being trapped.

The Stratosphere (Second layer) Ozone is a gas molecule that is made up of three oxygen atoms.. Contains: 90% of OZONE LAYER Because ozone absorbs UV radiation, it reduces amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth. UV radiation that does reach Earth can damage living cells.

Ultraviolet Light The sun produces UV, which is commonly split into three bands: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA is not absorbed by ozone. UVB is mostly absorbed by ozone, although some reaches the Earth. UVC is completely absorbed by ozone and normal oxygen.

The Mesosphere (middle layer) above the stratosphere. To about 80 km. This is the coldest layer of the atmosphere where temperatures have been measured as low as –93ºC.

THERMOSPHERE/IONOSPHERE Ions then reunite with electrons and makes LIGHT! HOT! Happens at the poles Called AURORA LIGHTS North Pole = Aurora Borealis South Pole = Aurora Australis

Exosphere (exiting Earth) The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.

Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Section 2 The Atmosphere Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Radiation is the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves. Conduction is the transfer of energy as heat through a material. Convection is the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations an can result in the transfer of energy as heat.

Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

Heating of the Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere Heating of the Atmosphere Solar energy reaches the Earth as electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet light. About half of the solar energy that enters the atmosphere passes through it and reaches the Earth’s surface, while the rest of the energy is absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere by clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s surface.

Heating of the Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere Heating of the Atmosphere The Earth does not continue to get warmer because the oceans and the land radiate the absorbed energy back into the atmosphere. Dark-colored objects absorb more solar radiation that light-colored objects, so dark colored objects have more energy to release as heat. This is one reason the temperature in cities is higher that the temperature in the surrounding countryside.

The Movement of Energy in the Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere The Movement of Energy in the Atmosphere As a current of air, warmed by Earth’s surface, rises into the atmosphere, it begins to cool, and eventually becomes more dense the air around it and sinks. This current then moves back toward the Earth until heated and less dense and then begins to rise again. The continual process of warm air rising and cool air sinking moves air in a circular motion is called a convection current.

Atmospheric Pollution

Greenhouse Effect Gases trap heat inside the atmosphere. This heat that radiates in is not able to radiate back out.

Section 2 The Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold for life to exist.

Section 2 The Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere The Greenhouse Effect

Section 2 The Atmosphere Chapter 3 Section 2 The Atmosphere The Greenhouse Effect The most abundant greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, although none exist in high concentrations. The quantities of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere vary considerable as a result of natural and industrial processes.

Global Warming

Ozone layer Is thinning! More prominent over the poles. Not able to protect us from some of the UV

Day 3

Hydrosphere = water portion of earth Roughly 71%

Types of water - the difference is the amount of salt they contain. Fresh Lakes, rivers, streams, puddles, ponds, wetlands, marshes Salty Oceans, wetlands, marshes

Where is all of our water? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HSFKwho7MQ

Locations of water Ground: Surface = “Water that is located under/in the ground” - Found in Aquifers Surface = “water that is located on the surface (above ground) of the earth”

Aquifers Water can stay here for 1,000’s of years!

Issues with our water…

Water cycle “The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water sources”

4 parts of the water cycle Evaporation Condensation Precipitation transpiration

Why water? Life on earth could not exist without water for obvious reasons! But….another thing large bodies of water does for the planet is retain heat! This keeps earth at a steady temperature instead of completely depending on outside heat!

These natural phenomenon will not be stopped, but must be taken into consideration when trying to lower outside human emissions.

Why care about water? http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/env-freshwater-whycare?source=searchvideo