1 CTC 450 Review Water Quality Water Quality

2 CTC 450 Water Distribution Systems Water Distribution Systems

3 Objectives Understand water & pressure requirements Understand water & pressure requirements Know the basics of providing water for fire protection requirements Know the basics of providing water for fire protection requirements Understand the layout of water distribution systems Understand the layout of water distribution systems Understand the basics of well construction and intake structures Understand the basics of well construction and intake structures Understand the basic types of pipes Understand the basic types of pipes Understand the basic types of valves Understand the basic types of valves

4 Water Requirements Yearly average consumption is 110 gallons per person per day. Yearly average consumption is 110 gallons per person per day. Consumption is highly variable Consumption is highly variable Design of water systems must account for variation in municipal water consumption and water needed for fighting fires Design of water systems must account for variation in municipal water consumption and water needed for fighting fires

5 Needed Fire Flow (NFF) Rate of water flow required for fire fighting to confine a major fire to the building within a block or other group complex with minimal loss. Rate of water flow required for fire fighting to confine a major fire to the building within a block or other group complex with minimal loss.

6 NFF Calculation Based on construction, occupancy, exposure and communication of each building in a building complex (see section starting on page 164) Based on construction, occupancy, exposure and communication of each building in a building complex (see section starting on page 164)

7 Practical Limits Flow range could be 500 gpm (minimum) to 3500 gpm Flow range could be 500 gpm (minimum) to 3500 gpm Automatic sprinklers are effective and minimize flows that must be required Automatic sprinklers are effective and minimize flows that must be required

8 Water Supply Capacity Gravity system is preferable (more reliable) Gravity system is preferable (more reliable) Pumping systems should be designed for reliability (electrical supply should be provided by 2 separate lines from different directions) Pumping systems should be designed for reliability (electrical supply should be provided by 2 separate lines from different directions)

9 Distribution System Systems should be made redundant by interconnecting pipes into loops. Systems should be made redundant by interconnecting pipes into loops. Valves should be placed to allow repairs with minimal disruption to surrounding Valves should be placed to allow repairs with minimal disruption to surrounding Fire hydrants should be installed at locations convenient for the fire department Fire hydrants should be installed at locations convenient for the fire department

10 Sources of Water Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic rotary or cable-tool percussion Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic rotary or cable-tool percussion Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or reservoirs) Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or reservoirs)

11 Piping Network Networks consist of storage reservoirs, main, booster pumping stations, fire hydrants and service lines Networks consist of storage reservoirs, main, booster pumping stations, fire hydrants and service lines Provide redundancy via grids and loops Provide redundancy via grids and loops

12 Service Connections Corporation Stop connection from the distribution main (can be connected while the main is pressurized and in service) Corporation Stop connection from the distribution main (can be connected while the main is pressurized and in service) Installation Installationhttp://

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15 Kinds of Pipe Ductile iron Ductile iron Plastic (HDPE/PVC) Plastic (HDPE/PVC) Concrete Concrete Steel Steel Residential (copper or plastic) Residential (copper or plastic)

16 Pipe Strength Different pipes have different sizes and thicknesses Different pipes have different sizes and thicknesses Must use correct pipe to handle trench depth, bedding type, and live loads Must use correct pipe to handle trench depth, bedding type, and live loads Must place pipe below the frost line to prevent freezing/breakage Must place pipe below the frost line to prevent freezing/breakage

17 Joints Compression Compression Mechanical Mechanical Flanged Flanged Solvent Solvent Soldered Soldered

18 Distribution Storage Use consumption curves to determine storage needed Use consumption curves to determine storage needed Look closely at example 6-5 Look closely at example 6-5

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20 Valves Gate/Butterfly/Swing Gate/Butterfly/Swing Check (flow in one direction) Check (flow in one direction) Automatic Automatic Pressure-Reducing Valves Pressure-Reducing Valves Solenoid Solenoid

21 Gate Valve

22 Butterfly Valve

23 Swing Valve

24 Other Valves Check Valve (permits water flow in only one direction) Check Valve (permits water flow in only one direction) Pressure Reducing Valve (lowers pressure) Pressure Reducing Valve (lowers pressure) Altitude Valves (controls flow into and out of a storage tank) Altitude Valves (controls flow into and out of a storage tank) Solenoid Pilot Valve (controls valve via electric current) Solenoid Pilot Valve (controls valve via electric current) Air release Valve Air release Valve

25 Fire Hydrants

26 Evaluating Distribution Systems Quantity Supply + storage must meet current daily demands (& future anticipated demands 10 years in the future Supply + storage must meet current daily demands (& future anticipated demands 10 years in the future –Reservoirs should have 30-day storage capacity –Wells should not “mine” water

27 Evaluating Distribution Systems Intake Capacity Intake structures Intake structures – must be designed large enough to handle demand –Must be reliable

28 Evaluating Distribution Systems Pumping Capacity Pumps (should be reliable) Pumps (should be reliable) –From source to water treatment plant –From water treatment plant clear-well to distribution system –Booster pumping stations

29 Evaluating Distribution Systems Piping Network Design life years (actual ) Design life years (actual ) Large mains -12” Large mains -12” Submains-6” or 8” Submains-6” or 8”