200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt 200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt 200pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt 200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt 200 pt 300 pt 400 pt 500 pt 100 pt Chapter 10 Chapter 11Chapter 12Chapter 13Vocabulary

A: Sea-floor spreading.

Q: What backed up Wegener’s theory of continental drift?

A: Convergent Divergent Transform.

Q: What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A: A terrane contains rock and fossils that differ from the rock and fossils of neighboring terranes. There are major faults at the boundaries of a terrane. The magnetic properties of a terrane generally do not match those of neighboring terranes.

Q: What are the three characteristics a terrane can be classified by?

A: It is the process when cool material sinks in the mantle, and hot material rises. As this process continues, the plates move with the motion.

Q: What is mantle convection?

A: The same exact fossil was found on two different continents split by the Atlantic Ocean. The mountains had the same rock ages as mountains on the other side of an ocean. There were tropical plant fossils that were found in Antarctica where they can’t grow. There is evidence of glaciers where they couldn’t be.

Q: Name four examples of Wegener’s theory of continental drift.

A: Folded mountains Fault-block mountains Dome mountains Volcanic mountains

Q: What are the 4 types of mountains?

A: A normal faults crust move away from each other, while a reverse faults crust is moving up and over a footwall.

Q: What is the difference between a normal fault and a reverse fault?

A: Circum-Pacific belt Eurasian belt.

Q: What are Earths 2 major mountain belts?

A: The movements of the lithosphere to reach isostacy.

Q: What are isostatic adjustments?

A: Compression is the type of stress that squeezes and shortens a body. Tension is the type of stress that occurs when a body is stretched and pulled apart. Sheer stress distorts a body by pushing parts of the body in opposite directions.

Q: What are the 3 types of stress, and what are their characteristics?

A: The epicenter is on Earth’s surface right above the focus.

Q: Where is the epicenter compared to the focus of an earthquake?

A: The moment magnitude scale

Q: What is the modern tool for measuring the magnitude of an earthquake?

A: Love wave - the rock moves side- to-side and perpendicular Rayleigh waves move rocks in elliptical rolling motion

Q: Name both SURFACE waves and how rocks move compared to their wave movements?

A: First, a lag time graph for the difference of arrival times of P and S waves is created. This can determine how far the epicenter is from each seismograph station. After getting this information it is plugged into a computer and triangulations are created to give the location.

Q: What is the modern method for locating the epicenter of an earthquake?

A: 2 blocks of crust pressed against each other at a fault are under stress but do not move because friction holds them in place. As stress builds up at the fault, the crust deforms. The rock fractures and then snaps back into its original shape, which causes an earthquake.

Q: What is the elastic rebound theory?

A: The largest amount of magma comes from mid-ocean ridges.

Q: Where does the largest amount of magma come from?

A: Quiet eruptions Lava flows Explosive eruptions Types of pyroclastic material form when magma breaks into fragments during an eruption

Q: Name the 4 types of volcanic explosions.

A: Formed by the sub-duction of plates along the Pacific Coasts of North America, South America, Asia, and the Islands of the Western Pacific Ocean.

Q: What forms the Pacific Ring of Fire?

A: A Caldera forms during a volcanic reaction. Volcanic eruptions partially empty the magma chamber. The top of the cone collapses inward to form a caldera.

Q: How does a Caldera form?

A: The temperature of rock rises above the melting point of the minerals the rock is composed of, and the rock will melt. If enough pressure is removed from the rock, the melting point will decrease and the rock will melt. The addition of fluids, such as water, may decrease the melting point of some minerals in the rock and cause the rock to melt.

Q: List the three ways magma forms.

A: It is the hypothesis that states the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations.

Q: What is the theory of continental drift?

A: It describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspar and silica and that is generally light in color.

Q: What is mafic?

A: It is the study of the alignment of magnetic minerals in rock, specifically as it relates to the reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles; also the magnetic properties that rock acquires during formation.

Q: What is paleomagnetism?

A: It is the bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth’s crust; the change in shape or volume of rock in response to stress.

Q: What is deformation?

A: It is a primary wave, or compression wave A seismic wave that causes particles of rock to move in a back- and-forth direction in which the wave is traveling P waves are the fastest seismic waves and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases.

Q: Name all the properties of a P Wave.