ONE OF NATURE’S FACES

Hurricane Earthquake Tornado Volcano Tsunami Flood Drought Hail Forest fire Severe frost Snow storm Thunderstorm

NATURAL DISASTERS

volcano lava cone crust magma ash chambers mantle rock core A 1_____ is an opening in the Earth's surface where molten rock can escape from underneath. About 30 km beneath your feet is the Earth's 2_____. It's a region of superhot rock that extends down to the Earth's 3______. This region is so hot that molten rock can squeeze out and form giant bubbles of liquid 4______called magma 5_______. This magma is lighter than the surrounding rock, so it rises up, finding cracks and weakness in the Earth's 6_____. When it finally reaches the surface, it erupts out of the ground as 7______, ash, volcanic gasses and rock. It's called magma when it's under the ground, and lava when it erupts onto the surface. Although volcanoes are all made from hot 8_____ reaching the surface of the Earth and erupting, there are different kinds. Shield volcanoes have lava flows with low viscosity that flow dozens of kilometers; this makes them very wide with smoothly sloping flanks. Stratovolcanoes are made up of different kinds of lava, and eruptions of 9______and rock and grow to enormous heights. Cinder cone volcanoes are usually smaller, and come from short-lived eruptions that only make a 10________about 400 meters high.

volcano lava cone crust magma ash chambers mantle rock core A 1_________ is an opening in the Earth's surface where molten rock can escape from underneath. About 30 km beneath your feet is the Earth's 2_______. It's a region of superhot rock that extends down to the Earth's 3________. This region is so hot that molten rock can squeeze out and form giant bubbles of liquid 4________called magma 5_________. This magma is lighter than the surrounding rock, so it rises up, finding cracks and weakness in the Earth's 6________. When it finally reaches the surface, it erupts out of the ground as 7______, ash, volcanic gasses and rock. It's called magma when it's under the ground, and lava when it erupts onto the surface.

volcano lava cone crust magma ash chambers mantle rock core Although volcanoes are all made from hot 8________ reaching the surface of the Earth and erupting, there are different kinds. Shield volcanoes have lava flows with low viscosity that flow dozens of kilometers; this makes them very wide with smoothly sloping flanks. Stratovolcanoes are made up of different kinds of lava, and eruptions of 9____________and rock and grow to enormous heights. Cinder cone volcanoes are usually smaller, and come from short-lived eruptions that only make a 10_____________about 400 meters high.

A. Dangerous neighbour B. Appearance of volcanoes C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes on Earth D. Supervolcanoes E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now G. The closest neighbour H. Benefits of volcanoes

A. Dangerous neighbour E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System B. Appearance of volcanoes F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes G. The closest neighbour on Earth H. Benefits of volcanoes D. Supervolcanoes 1. Although some volcanoes can take thousands of years to form, others can grow overnight. For example, the cinder cone volcano Paricutin appeared in a Mexican cornfield on February 20, Within a week it was 5 stories tall, and by the end of a year it had grown to more than 336 meters tall. It ended its grown in 1952, at a height of 424 meters. By geology standards, that's pretty quick.

A. Dangerous neighbour E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System B. Appearance of volcanoes F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes G. The closest neighbour on Earth H. Benefits of volcanoes D. Supervolcanoes 2. You might think that the peak of Mount Everest is the most distant point from the center of the Earth, but that's not true. Instead, it's the volcano Chimborazo in Ecuador. That's because the Earth's is spinning in space and is flattened out. Points at the equator are further from the center of the Earth than the poles. And Chimborazo is very close to the Earth's equator.

A. Dangerous neighbour E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System B. Appearance of volcanoes F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes G. The closest neighbour on Earth H. Benefits of volcanoes D. Supervolcanoes 3. Some of the most deadly volcanoes include Krakatoa, which erupted in 1883, releasing a tsunami that killed 36,000 people. When Vesuvius exploded in AD 79, it buried the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, killing 16,000 people. Mount Pelee, on the island of Martinique destroyed a town with 30,000 people in The most dangerous aspect of volcanoes are the deadly pyroclastic flows that blast down the side of a volcano during an eruption. These contain ash, rock and water moving hundreds of kilometers an hour, and hotter than 1,000 degrees C.

A. Dangerous neighbour E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System B. Appearance of volcanoes F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes G. The closest neighbour on Earth H. Benefits of volcanoes D. Supervolcanoes 4. The slopes of volcanoes and the surrounding regions are covered with rich, volcanic soil. For example, most of Italy has poor soils with bare limestone rock. But the regions around Naples, the site of Mount Vesuvius, are covered in very rich soil that was deposited in two huge eruptions 35,000 and 12,000 years ago. This area is planted with grape vines, vegetables and flowers that grow very well. The soil is rich because the volcanic tephra released in eruptions is easily weathered by rain.

A. Dangerous neighbour E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System B. Appearance of volcanoes F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes G. The closest neighbour on Earth H. Benefits of volcanoes D. Supervolcanoes 5. Olympus Mons, on Mars, is a giant shield volcano that rises to an elevation of 27 km, and it measures 550 km across. Scientists think that Olympus Mons was able to get so large because there aren't any plate tectonics on Mars. A single hotspot was able to bubble away for billions of years, building the volcano up bigger and bigger.

A. Dangerous neighbour E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System B. Appearance of volcanoes F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes G. The closest neighbour on Earth H. Benefits of volcanoes D. Supervolcanoes 6. Geologists measure volcano eruptions using the Volcano Explosivity Index, which measures the amount of material released. A "small" eruption like Mount St. Helens was a 5 out of 8, releasing a cubic kilometer of material. The largest explosion was on record was Toba, thought to have erupted 73,000 years ago. It released more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of material, and created a caldera 100 km long and 30 kilometers wide. The explosion plunged the world into a world wide ice age. Toba was considered an 8 on the VEI.

A. Dangerous neighbour E. The tallest volcano in the Solar System B. Appearance of volcanoes F. The number of volcanoes erupting right now C. The tallest and biggest volcanoes G. The closest neighbour on Earth H. Benefits of volcanoes D. Supervolcanoes 7. Hawaii's Mauna Kea, with an elevation of 4,207 meters is only a little bigger than the largest volcano on Earth, Mauna Loa with an elevation of only 4,169 meters. Both are shield volcanoes that rise up from the bottom of the ocean. If you could measure Mauna Kea from the base of the ocean to its peak, you'd get a true height of 10,203 meters (and that's bigger than Mount Everest).

Read the items and arrange them according the following headings: 1 Title 2 Stating the problem 3 Description of the case 4 Expert’s opinion 5 Solution to the problem

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