1. Nature’s Disasters: Volcanoes and Earthquakes

3. Volcanoes A volcano is an opening in a planet's crust, which allows hot magma, ash, rock and gases to escape from below the surface.crustmagmaash

4. The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano island off Sicily which in turn, was named after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire VulcanoSicilyVulcanRoman

6. Volcanoes are found on top of magma chambers and have large central vents through which the tephra and gases erupt. At the top of the central vent is a crater.

9. Volcanoes eject molten rock or magma that formed deep within the Mantle. When the magma emerges from the volcano it is now called lava. Collectively, anything solid ejected from a volcano is called tephra.

10. A volcano can explode violently (like Mt. St. Helens or Mt. Vesuvius) or it can erupt quietly (like Kilauea in Hawaii). The factors that determine whether a volcano will be violent or quiet are:  Viscosity  Dissolved gases

11. VISCOSITY Viscosity is a substance’s resistance to flow. Maple syrup is more viscous than water.

14. Fluids with high viscosity flow slower than fluids with low viscosity. Low viscosity liquids flow faster. Viscosity is affected by temperature. As lava cools down it becomes more viscous and slows down.

15. The magma that flows from volcanoes contains rock/minerals. If the magma is high in silica, the higher the viscosity and the less the lava flows. The lower the silica level, the lower the viscosity and the more easily the lava flows.

16. Sooooooo………… High Silicates = High Viscosity Low Silicates = Low Viscosity

19. DISSOLVED GASES Many different gases can be ejected from a volcano into the atmosphere. The gases provide the force to eject the tephra from the central vent. Some common gases are:  water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen fluoride (HF)

20. The more viscous (thicker) the magma, the slower the gases can rise through the central vent and, therefore, the more pressure that builds and the more explosive the eruption.

21. Soooooooo……. Thicker lava (more viscous) = more pressure building up = more explosive eruption

23. Pyroclastic Flows Pyroclastic Flows are a special type of volcanic eruption that tends to kill a lot of people. They are fast-moving currents of hot gas and tephra (rock) which travel away from a volcano at speeds of up to 450 miles/hour. A pyroclastic flow can reach temperatures of 1800 ⁰ F. Pyroclastic flows normally hug the ground and travel downhill.

24. Pyroclastic Flows

26. Types of Volcanoes!

27. There are four main types of volcanoes:  Stratovolcano/composite  Cinder cones  Shield volcanoes  Lava domes

28. Stratovolcano/Composite Volcanoes Stratovolcanoes are one of the most common types of volcanoes in the world. Stratovolcanoes are tall and conical with many layers of hardened lava, tephra and volcanic ash.

31. Stratovolcanoes are tall and steep. They have periodic, explosive eruptions. These volcanoes are tall and steep because they erupt viscous (thick) lava that cools and hardens before is spreads very far.

32. Mt. Fuji, Japan

33. Stratovolcanoes occur during the convergence of oceanic and continental crust (subduction). They tend to occur near the coasts of oceans.

35. Krakatoa (1883) decreased global temperatures by 4 ⁰ F for 5 years!

36. Arenal (Costa Rica)

38. A list of Stratovolcanoes Mammoth Mountain, CA (dormant) Mt. Fuji, Japan Mt. Pinatubo, Phillipines Mt. Etna, Sicily Mt. Shasta, CA (dormant) Mt. Unzen, Japan Mt. Ranier, WA Mt. St. Helens, WA Krakatoa, Indonesia Mt. Vesuvius, Italy

40. Shield Volcanoes Shield volcanoes have shallow-sloping sides (looking like a shield from the side. These volcanoes form from fluid lava that can travel for long, long distances before hardening. This leaves a large volcano with a small slope.

43. Cinder Cones

47. Mount St. Helens was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in North America. Mount St. Helens is a stratovolcano. Where in the United States is Mount St. Helens located?

49. The main eruption was on May 18, 1980. The blast blew out the entire north flank of the volcano, leaving a gaping hole. The eruption ejected nearly a cubic kilometer of ash and rock debris.

50. 1980 (one day before the eruption)

51. 1982 (two years after the main eruption)

53. Supervolcanoes!