Introduction to Plant & Soil Science

Objectives: A. Define Horticulture and its related fields; B. Identify the various roles of plants in everyday life; C. Identify agriculturally important plants, and explain their uses; D. Describe how horticulture is related to science and technology.

A. Define Horticulture and its related fields;  Horticulture originates from Latin hortus = gardening culturea = cultivation  Together they literally translate: “Garden cultivation”

Agricultural Plants Agriculture Plants ForestryAgronomyHorticulture

Divisions of Horticulture

Fruit Production Pomology = Fruit Production  Propagation of fruit trees, vines, plants  Harvest of Fruit  Marketing

Vegetable Production Olericulture = Vegetable Production  Vegetable Production  Home Gardens  Large Scale Gardens  Harvest  Marketing

Floriculture Floriculture= Production of Flowers a. Cut Flowers b. Bedding Plants c. Potted Plants  Marketing  Florists

Landscape Horticulture Landscape Construction & Design  Irrigation systems  Plant Installation  Flower Beds  Landscape Design

Turf Turf = Ground cover  Turf Farms  Installation  Golf courses  Sport’s fields

Arboriculture Arboriculture= Cultivation & Care of trees, shrubs, & Vines  Production  Tree Pruning and Care  As part of landscape Maintenance

B. Identify the various roles of plants in everyday life;  Meeting basic human needs  Food  Clothing  Shelter

Roles of Plants  Plants are direct or indirect sources of these three needs  Direct Plant Source – Plant or plant products are used by humans  Indirect Plant Source – Plants are used as animal feed and the animals or animal products are used by humans

Food  Solid and liquid material we eat  Provides the nutrients we need to grow and live healthy lives  Americans expect their food to be:  Readily available  Wholesome/promote health  Convenient/Easy-to-use

Clothing  Includes the garments, accessories and ornaments we ware  Garments are the most important area of clothing  Garments – worn to cover and protect the body and give it a certain appearance  Exe. skirt, jeans, shirt  Accessories - worn to supplement basic clothing  Exe. tie, belt, scarf  Ornaments – Worn for a certain appearance or to represent status  Exe. rings and pins  Clothing made from natural fiber can come from both direct and indirect plant sources.  Direct – Cotton, Flax  Indirect - Wool

Shelter  Protect us from the elements and from harm  Our homes and the items that make our homes comfortable  Wood products are widely used in building construction

C. Identify agriculturally important plants, and explain their uses; Field Crops  Plants grown in large fields  Used for:  Oil  Fiber  Grain  Similar products  Often grown for their seed, but other parts may be used  Example: corn, wheat, cotton, barley, safflower, soybean

C. Identify agriculturally important plants, and explain their uses; Horticultural Crops  Grown for food, comfort, and beauty  In some cases appears to overlap field crops  Ornamental Horticulture  Growing and using plants for their beauty  Includes Floriculture and Landscape Horticulture  Food Crop Horticulture  Growing plants for food  Includes Olericulture (Vegetable Crops) and Pomology (Fruit and Nuts)

C. Identify agriculturally important plants, and explain their uses; Forestry  Growing frees and producing wood products  Lumber, paper, plywood, furniture, and similar products  Also includes specialty products like maple syrup, rosin, and oil  Involves Native Forests and Tree Farming

D. Describe how horticulture is related to science and technology. Science:  Successful Horticulture is an application of science –Growing plants takes more than just a daily watering –Must understand:  Effects of heat, light, and photosynthesis  Cell division, osmosis, transpiration, etc…

Science + Technology + Plant Production = THE HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY

Development of Agriculture and Society Plant & Soil Science

Civilization In the beginning, Nomads followed herds of animals and gathered food. When they discovered that they could seed grain and harvest it, they no longer needed to follow a food source. This allowed people to live in one place, thus the beginning of civilization.

Origins of Grain  Wheat = Egypt, Iran, Turkey  Corn = Mexico  Explorers would bring wheat to North America, and return with corn.

Agriculture 250 Years Ago  95% of the US Population Farmed  Each Farmer produced enough feed to feed and clothe 3 people  Most of the work was done by hand- some animal power was used  People used the barter system to exchange goods and services.

250 Years Ago  Families were self-sufficient by producing their own  Tobacco, sugar cane, rice, and cotton  Clothing  Soap  Candles  Medicines  Shoes  Farming Implements

Significant Events- 250 Years Ago  Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.  The cotton gin helped remove seeds form the short staple of cotton, and the demand for cotton grew. Cotton was used in the US and exported as well!

Agriculture 200 Years Ago  92% of the population still farming  Each farmer produced enough to feed and clothe four people  The barter system was used mostly for trading soap, candles, medicines, and shoes  Families were becoming less self-sufficient

Significant Events- 200 Years Ago  Cyrus McCormick developed the mechanical reaper. Mechanical reaper was the forerunner of the grain combine and was used for wheat.  John Deere began manufacturing plows. With this invention the fertile ground could be plowed under and cultivated

Agriculture 150 Years Ago  90% of the population farmed  Each farmer produced enough for five others

Significant Events- 150 Years Ago  Michigan and Pennsylvania established the first state agriculture colleges. Justin Morrill a senator from Vermont introduced a bill to provide funds to establish schools to teach practical methods of producing food and fiber. These schools would also be conducting scientific research.

Significant Events- 150 Years Ago  President Lincoln created the first Department of Agriculture. (USDA)  The Morrill Act passed providing land to each state to build a college for common people. The purpose was to teach agriculture and mechanical arts.

Significant Events- 150 Years Ago  Transcontinental railroad was completed.  Congress passed the Hatch Act. This allowed states with land grant colleges to establish experiment stations.  The first grain silos were built  Hybrid Corn, which is produced by crossing different varieties was introduced

Agriculture 100 Years Ago  Only 50% of people farmed  Each farmer produced enough for seven others  Gasoline tractors were introduced  Banks began loaning money to farmers to purchase land and equipment  Farm families produced most of their own food and wood, and consumers had more needs.

Significant Events- 100 Years Ago  The Smith-Lever Act was passed by congress.  The Smith-Hughes Act was established. This allowed agriculture to be taught in high schools.  The Farm Credit Administration was established  The school milk program was initiated  A general agreement on tariffs and trade was negotiated

30% of the US Population was farming Each farmer produced enough for 11 others Gas tractor was in general use, horses still outnumbered tractors as the main source of farm power Banks provided capital to farmers. Farmers tried to avoid borrowing because of massive farm losses and foreclosures in the 20’s and 30’s. Agriculture 50 Years Ago

Significant Events 50 Years Ago  The mechanical tomato harvester was developed.  The national food stamp program was passed.  More farmers used Integrated Pest Management (IPM)  Passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agriculture Today  Less than 2% of US population is involved with production agriculture  Each farmer produces enough for 148 others  Many gov’t programs are available to help stabilize production and processing, insure supplies, limit soil erosion and regulation.  For every dollar produced by agriculture, 6-8 other dollars are generated in a community

Significant Events  The US supplies ½ of the grain sold on the world market  The number of farmers have declined, but related agriculture jobs has increased

Introduction to Utah’s Agricultural Crops Mr. Wilson Uintah High School

Student Learning Objectives As a result of this lesson, the student will …  Objective #1 Appreciate the Diversity of Agriculture Production in Utah.  Objective #2 Understand the Scope and Value of Agriculture Production in Utah.

Are plants important to these people?

 How much money does Utah agriculture generate each year?

Can you believe it?  Utah, in 2010, agriculture generated  $1.5 BILLION  To Utah’s economy.

Top Utah Commodities  The top four crop commodities for Utah are hay, barley, wheat,. Fruit crops  The top four livestock commodities are cattle, sheep/lambs, hogs and dairy.

Utah Cash Receipts by Commodities

Utah’s Livestock Industry Category#Utah’s Rank All Cattle & Calves 850,00036 Beef Cattle365,00028 Breeding Hogs80,00016 Milk Cows85,00025 Trout Sold1,697,00010 Mink Pelts675,0002 All Sheep400,0006 Chickens, Layers 1,913,00025

Utah’s Rank in Feed Production Category#Utah’s Rank Barley6,806,000 Bu12 Oats490,000 Bu28 Corn Grain3,024,000 Bu39 Corn Silage840,000 Tons27 Alfalfa Hay2,200,000 Tons 15 All Hay2,500,000 tons27

Number of Farms and Ranches  1. Texas  2. Missouri  3. Iowa  4. Kentucky  5. Minnesota  Utah’s Rank 36th

Land in Farms and Ranches  1. Texas  2. Montana  3. Kansas  4. Nebraska  5. New Mexico  Utah’s Rank 28th

Utah’s Rank in Other Areas  Mink Production 2nd  Trout Production 6th  Honey Production 24th

How important is agriculture in Utah?  Let’s explore this: Complete the Utah Plant Statistics assignment.

Agriculture and Utah It’s essential!