ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Common Elements in Organic Compounds

Organic Prefixes Number of CarbonsPrefix 1Meth- 2Eth- 3Prop- 4But- 5Pent- 6Hex- 7Hept- 8Oct- 9Non- 10Dec-

Alkanes  All single covalent bonds  saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule  General Formula  C n H 2n+2 CH 4 C2H6C2H6 C3H8C3H8 methaneethanepropane

Alkenes  One double bond  unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain the atleast one double or triple  General Formula  C n H 2n C2H4C2H4 C3H6C3H6 ethenepropene

Alkynes  One triple bond  Also an unsaturated hydrocarbon  General Formula  C n H 2n-2 C2H2C2H2 C3H4C3H4 ethynepropyne

Structural isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

How many structural isomers does pentane, C 5 H 12, have? CCCC C HHHHH H HHHHH H CCC C HCH 3 HH H HHHH H CC C H H H HH H n-pentane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane

Alkyl Groups  Functional groups that branch off the main carbon chain  An alkane with one less hydrogen CH 4 methane CH 3 methyl

The parent name of the hydrocarbon is that given to the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule. CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 2 CH methylheptane Alkane Nomenclature

Number in the direction that gives the smaller numbers for the locations of the branches. CH 3 CHCH 2 CH methylpentane CH 3 CH 2 CHCH methylpentane Numbering Alkane Branches

Use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, when there is more than one alkyl branch of the same kind. CH 3 CH CH 2 CH ,3-dimethylhexane CH 3 CHCCH 2 CH ,3-dimethylhexane Multiple Alkane Branches

CH 3 CH CH 3 Br 1234 NO 2 2-bromo-3-nitrobutane CH 2 CHCH 3 Br 1234 NO 2 1-bromo-3-nitrobutane Non-Carbon Branches

What is the IUPAC name of the following compound? CH 3 CHCH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 C2H5C2H5 CH 2 CH 3 4-ethyl-2-methyloctane Practice Naming

Cycloalkanes  Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings  General Formula:  C n H 2n

C C C CC C H H H H H H C C C CC C H H H H H H Aromatic Hydrocarbons  Starting with the basic structure of benzene

CH 2 CH 3 ethylbenzene Cl chlorobenzene NH 2 aminobenzene NO 2 nitrobenzene Br 1,2-dibromobenzene Br 1,3-dibromobenzene Aromatic Hydrocarbon Nomenclature  Examples:

Functional Groups

Alcohols  General Formula:  R-OH  Example:

Common products that contain alcohols Rubbing Alcohol Hair Gel Cough Medicine

Ether  General Formula  R-O-R’  Example: Dimethyl Ether

Common products that contain ethers Starter Fluid Anise Seed used for bread and cookies Some Cosmetics

R C H O H C H O H C O CH 3 formaldehydeacetaldehyde Aldehydes  General Formula:  Example: Some Fragrances

Ketones  General Formula:  Example: R C R’ O C O CH 3 H3CH3C acetone Nail Polish Remover

Carboxylic Acids  General Formula:  R-COOH  Example

Common products that contain carboxylic acids Some Fruits Vinegar Coconut

Esters  General Formula:  R’COOR  Example: Methyl ethanoate

Common products that contain esters Bananas Flowers Oranges Responsible for different smells!

Amines  General Formula:  R 3 N Cheese Chocolate