Governance Indicators in Pakistan By Dr. Aisha Ghaus-Pasha Institute of Public Policy, BNU Presented in Governance Education Network International Conference Governance, Sustainable Growth, Peace and Equity

Format of Presentation Properties of Governance Indicators International Sources Does Governance Matters? Pakistan’s Ranking Overtime Pakistan Specific Indicators An Information System on Governance

What is a Governance Indicator? A measure that points something about the state of Governance in a jurisdiction Measures a specific area of Governance Types of Governance Indicators Objective Measures: Constructed from indisputable facts ( for example, existence of a particular Institution) Subjective Measures: Based on the views of Respondents (for example, Opinion Polls) Composite and Aggregate Indicators Combine different things into a single measure (Example is the World Bank Governance Matters, which draws together 31 data sources into six composite indicators) Advantage: Increased Reliability Disadvantage: Aggregation problem, lack of clarity

Checklist for Indicator Attributes Validity Reliability Any Measurement Bias Transparency Representativeness Aggregation Problems

Dimensions of Governance Indicators Economic Governance Political Governance Administrative Governance

Key Areas of Governance Transparency Participation Accountability Leadership General Organization and Management Intergovernmental Relation Rule of Law Pro-Poor Policies Effective Provision of Services

International Sources of Governance Indicators Dimensions of Governance Indicators (59 sources) Economic Governance 22 Political Governance 28 Administrative Governance 20 Areas of Governance Voice and Accountability 15 Political Stability 10 Governance Effectiveness 13 Regulatory Quality 12 Rule of Law 18 Control of Corruption 16

Some Desirable Sources of Governance By NGOs or Academia Social Watch: Measure of Social Development Social Weather Indicators: Indicator of Social and Economic Conditions at Sub-National level Local Government Performance Indicators Citizens Report Card: Measures Level of Satisfaction with Delivery of Services.

Does Governance Matters? Impact of Governance Indicators on macro-economy and Social Development. Sample of 27 developing countries Governance Indicators - Voice and Accountability - Political Stability - Government Effectiveness - Regulatory Quality - Rule of Law - Control of Corruption

Conclusion Good Governance does matter but only after we allow for the structure of the economy. All areas of Governance are significant. Exception is Voice and Accountability.

Pakistan’s Ranking Indicators No. of Countries Rank (Latest Year) Trend World Bank Institute Voice and Accountability 212 172 Political Stability and Absence of violence 209 Government Effectiveness 158 Regulatory Quality 140 Rule of Law Control of Corruption 161 Freedom House Political Rights Score 193 142 Civil Liberties Score 162 30 29 Anti Corruption and Transparency Accountability and Public Voice Transparency International Corruption Perception Index 180 139

Specific Indicators Economic Management Social Sector Expenditures Size of the Government Unemployment State Own Enterprises Investment Social Sector Expenditures Government Expenditures Expenditures on social security Education Priorities in Education Budget Pupil - Teacher Ratio Health Population with access to Household Income Budget Analysis Current Government Finances Overall Budget Deficit/Surplus Taxes Budget Priorities Transparency and Information Media and Communication International Telecommunication State Control of Media Freedom of Expression and Mobility Census

Specific Indicators Judiciary, Law and Human Rights The Parliament Number of Cases Average Salaries of Judges People Arrested Capital Punishment The Parliament Number of bills passed by Parliament in last 5 years Number of ordinance passed in last 5 years Number of seats in the parliament Elections Date of last Election Voter Turnout Parties represented

Setting up on Information System on Governance Indicators Updating and Monitoring of International Ranking of Pakistan in Different Areas of Governance Updating Indicators of Governance from National Secondary Sources Construction of Governance Indicators from Primary Sources - Social watch (Annual) - Citizens Report Card (Annual) - Local Government Performance Indicators (Biannual) Each module will have a different Institutional Focal Point The objective is for this Network to put together a Report annually on the State of Governance in Pakistan.

Major National Sources of Secondary Data on Governance Economic Governance: Ministry of Finance at Federal and Provincial level, Federal and Provincial Bureaus of Statistics, State Bank of Pakistan, Regulatory Agencies, Auditor General, Accountability Bureau etc. Political Governance: National and Provincial Assemblies, Senate, Election Commission, Judiciary, Human Rights Commission etc Administrative Governance: National and Sub National Line Departments, Public institutes, State Enterprises. etc