Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Security Auditing, Attacks, and Threat Analysis

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 1: Security Auditing

Objectives Identify a security auditor’s chief duties List security auditing principles Assess risk factors for a network Describe the security auditing process Plan an audit

What Is an Auditor? Network security Risk assessment

What Does an Auditor Do? Compliance Risk Analysis

Auditor Roles and Perspectives Auditor as security manager Auditor as consultant Insider threats

Conducting a Risk Assessment Check for a written security policy Analyze, categorize and prioritize resources Consider business concerns Evaluate existing perimeter and internal security Use existing management and control architecture

Risk Assessment Stages Discovery Penetration Control

Summary Identify a security auditor’s chief duties List security auditing principles Assess risk factors for a network Describe the security auditing process Plan an audit

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 2: Discovery Methods

Objectives Describe the discovery process Identify specific discovery methods Install and configure network-based and host- based discovery software Conduct network-level and host-level security scans Configure and deploy enterprise-grade network vulnerability scanners

Security Scans Whois nslookup The host command The traceroute ( tracert ) command Ping scanning Port scans Network-discovery and server- discovery applications NMAP Share scans Service scans Using Telnet

Using SNMP The SetRequest command SNMP software

TCP/IP Services Finger –User names –Server names – accounts –User connectivity –User logon status

Enterprise-Grade Auditing Applications Protocol support Network scanners Subnetting Configuring network scanners Configuring host scanners

Scan Levels Profiles and policies Reporting Symantec NetRecon ISS Internet Scanner eEye Retina Additional scanning application vendors

Social Engineering Telephone calls Fraudulent Education

What Information Can You Obtain? Network-level information Host-level information Research Legitimate versus illegitimate auditing tools

Summary Describe the discovery process Identify specific discovery methods Install and configure network-based and host- based discovery software Conduct network-level and host-level security scans Configure and deploy enterprise-grade network vulnerability scanners

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 3: Auditing Server Penetration and Attack Techniques

Objectives Identify common targets Discuss penetration strategies and methods List potential physical, operating system, and TCP/IP stack attacks Identify and analyze specific brute-force, social engineering, and denial-of-service attacks Implement methods designed to thwart penetration

Attack Signatures and Auditing Reviewing common attacks –Dictionary –Man in the middle –Hijacking –Viruses –Illicit servers –Denial of service

Common Targets Routers FTP servers Databases Web servers DNS WINS SMB

Routers Using your firewall to filter Telnet Routers and bandwidth consumption attacks

Databases The most desirable asset for a hacker to attack –Employee data –Marketing and sales information –R & D –Shipping information

Web and FTP Servers Common problems Web graffiti

Servers Spam Relaying

Naming Services Unauthorized zone transfers DNS poisoning Denial-of-service attacks WINS SMB NFS NIS

Auditing Trap Doors and Root Kits Auditing bugs and back doors

Buffer Overflow Preventing denial-of-service attacks Auditing illicit servers, Trojans and worms

Combining Attack Strategies Penetration strategies –Physical –Operating system –Bad password policies –NAT –Bad system policies –Auditing file system weaknesses IP spoofing and hijacking –Blind and non-blind spoofing

Denial of Service and the TCP/IP Stack SYN flood Smurf and Fraggle attacks Teardrop/Teardrop2 Ping of death Land attack

Summary Identify common targets Discuss penetration strategies and methods List potential physical, operating system, and TCP/IP stack attacks Identify and analyze specific brute-force, social engineering, and denial-of-service attacks Implement methods designed to thwart penetration

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 4: Security Auditing and the Control Phase

Objectives Define control procedures Identify control methods List ways to document control procedures and methods

Control Phases Gain root access Gather information Open new security holes Erase evidence of penetration Spread to other systems Auditing UNIX file systems Auditing Windows 2000

UNIX Password File Locations The shadow password file Redirect information Create new access points Erase evidence of penetration Spread to other systems Port redirection

Control Methods System defaults Services, daemons, and loadable modules Illicit services, daemons, and loadable modules Keyloggers

Auditing and the Control Phase The auditor never truly enters the control phase The auditor must recognize suspicious traffic

Summary Define control procedures Identify control methods List ways to document control procedures and methods

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 5: Intrusion Detection

Objectives Define intrusion detection Differentiate between intrusion detection and automated scanning Discuss network- and host-based intrusion detection List the elements used in an IDS Implement intrusion-detection software

What Is Intrusion Detection? Capabilities –Network traffic management –System scanning, jails, and the IDS –Tracing Is intrusion detection necessary? IDS application strategies

Intrusion Detection Architecture Network-based IDS applications Host-based IDS architectures Host-based managers Host-based IDS agents Manager-to-agent communication

IDS Rules Network anomalies Network misuses Actions False positives and IDS configuration

IDS Actions and False Positives Creating rules Assigning actions to a rule Mistaking legitimate traffic for illegitimate traffic

Intrusion Detection Software eTrust Intrusion Detection Snort Intruder Alert ISS RealSecure Computer Misuse Detection System Network Flight Recorder CyberCop Monitor Cisco Secure IDS

Purchasing an IDS Product support Product training Update policy Company reputation IDS capacity Product scalability Network support Encryption

Summary Define intrusion detection Differentiate between intrusion detection and automated scanning Discuss network- and host-based intrusion detection List the elements used in an IDS Implement intrusion-detection software

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 6: Auditing and Log Analysis

Objectives Establish a baseline for your users’ activities Conduct log analysis Filter events found in Windows 2000 and Linux systems Establish auditing for logons, system restarts, and specific resource use

Baseline Creation and Firewall and Router Logs Baseline is standard activity for a network Logs help determine activity patterns of users

Operating System Logs Logging UNIX systems Logging Windows 2000 systems

Filtering Logs Filtering logs in Windows 2000 Filtering logs in Linux Operating system add-ons and third-party logging

Suspicious Activity Skilled hacking attempts to camouflage its use as legitimate system activity

Additional Logs Intrusion detection systems Telephony connections ISDN and/or frame relay connections Employee access logs

Log Storage Sending logs to a different machine for storage Replicating logs to a writable CD-ROM drive Scheduling hard-copy backups

Auditing and Performance Degradation Network traffic Packet sniffers

Summary Establish a baseline for your users’ activities Conduct log analysis Filter events found in Windows 2000 and Linux systems Establish auditing for logins, system restarts, and specific resource use

Copyright © 2002 ProsoftTraining. All rights reserved. Lesson 7: Audit Results

Objectives Recommend solutions based on specific network problems Suggest ways to improve compliance to a security policy Create an assessment report Enable proactive detection services

Objectives (cont’d) Cleanse operating systems Install operating system add-ons Implement native auditing Use SSH as a replacement for Telnet, rlogin, and rsh

Auditing Recommendations Recommending specific ways to continue or implement efficient auditing Confronting and correcting virus, worm and Trojan infections Recommending changes and improvements

Four Network Auditing Categories Firewalls and Routers Host and Personal Security Intrusion Detection and Traceback Policy Enforcement

Creating the Assessment Report Sample audit report elements include: –Overview of existing security –Estimates of time hackers require to enter system –Summary of important recommendations –Outline of audit procedures –Network element recommendations –Physical security discussion –Terms

Improving Compliance Steps for continued auditing and strengthening

Security Auditing and Security Standards ISO British Standard 7799 Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Levels

Improving Router Security Ingress and egress filtering Disable broadcast filtering

Enabling Proactive Detection Scan detection, honey pots and jails –Detecting a NIC in promiscuous mode

Host Auditing Solutions Cleaning up infections Personal firewall software IPsec and personal encryption Native auditing services Fixing system bugs IPv6

Replacing and Updating Services Study the new product Determine the time needed to implement changes Test all updates Consider effect of updates on other services Determine whether end-user training is needed

Secure Shell (SSH) Security services provided by SSH Encryption and authentication in SSH SSH2 components Preparing SSH components

SSH and DNS Compatibility with SSH1 SSH and authentication: Establishing user- to-user trust relationships

Summary Recommend solutions based on specific network problems Suggest ways to improve compliance to a security policy Create an assessment report Enable proactive detection services

Summary (cont’d) Cleanse operating systems Install operating system add-ons Implement native auditing Use SSH as a replacement for Telnet, rlogin, and rsh

Security Auditing, Attacks, and Threat Analysis Security Auditing Discovery Methods Auditing Server Penetration and Attack Techniques Security Auditing and the Control Phase Intrusion Detection Auditing and Log Analysis Audit Results