Early Civilizations in Africa 8

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Continent of Africa

The Emergence of Civilization  The Land  5,000 miles long  Sahara is the great divide  Kush  Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather than the lower Nile valley  Perhaps the site of the first true African kingdom  Nubia became an Egyptian tributary  Disintegration of the Egyptian New Kingdom (end of second millennium B.C.E.) resulted in the independent state of Kush Kush became a major trading state Little known about the society of Kush Seems to have been widespread material prosperity

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ancient Ethiopia and Nubia

Axum  Conquered Kush in first millennium C.E.  Axum founded as a colony of the kingdom of Saba (Sheba) in first millennium B.C.E.  Saba a trading state, goods from South Asia to the Mediterranean  Axum continued the trade after Saba declined  Location on trade routes responsible for prosperity  Competed for control of ivory trade  Followed Egyptian Christianity  Would be renamed Ethiopia

The Sahara  From 8000 to 4000 B.C.E. a warm, humid climate that created lakes, ponds, grasslands, and game  After 3000 B.C.E. farming spread to the savannas to the south  Carthage became focal point of trans-Saharan trade  Ironworking by the people along the Niger River in the middle of the first millennium B.C.E., Nok culture

East and Southern Africa  Bantu language group ( Bantu-Speaking People)  Introduced cultivation of crops and ironworking  The Bantu settled into rural communities  See Migration route on page 222 in text  Commercial trade  Egyptians may have arrived looking for trade goods  Trade across the Indian Ocean

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ancient Africa

The Coming of Islam  African Religious Beliefs before Islam  Common beliefs Single creator god Sometimes accompanied by lesser gods Most believed in an afterlife in which ancestral souls floated in the atmosphere through eternity Closely connected to importance of ancestors and lineage Rituals very important  Challenge by Islam but not always replaced; synthesized  Animism – a belief in which spirits play an important role in daily life, spirits are present in animals, plants and other natural forces

The Coming of Islam (cont.’d)  North Africa  Arab forces seized the Nile delta of Egypt in 641  New capital at Cairo  Arabs welcome due to high taxes and periodic persecution of Coptic Christians by Byzantines  Arabs seize Carthage in 690  Berbers resisted for many years  The Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island in a Muslim Sea  Axum began to decline  Shift in trade routes and overexploited agriculture  Muslim trading states on the African coast of the Red Sea transforming Axum into an isolated agricultural society Source of ivory, resins, and slaves  Attacked by Muslim state of Adal in early 14th century  Became a Christian state in mid-twelfth century

East Africa: Culture  Self-governing city-states  Trade with the interior  Trade with the Indian Ocean, China, and along the coast  Mixed African-Arab culture  Mixed culture and language called Swahili  Conversion to Islam grows

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Emergence of States in Africa

The States of West Africa  Expansion of Islam has impact on political system  Introduction of Arabic for a writing system  Ghana  Majority of people were farmers  Primary reason for Ghana’s growth was gold  Trans-Saharan trade with Ghana becomes very important  Divine right monarchy assisted by hereditary aristocracy  Kings did not convert to Islam, but many of their subjects did  Mali  Ruinous wars by the twelfth century in Ghana New states of Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa states  Greatest state was Mali Gold trade Farming in the savanna region Mansa Musa ( ), king, encouraged Islam Timbuktu becomes center of trade, religion and learning

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

States and Stateless Societies in Southern Africa  From the basin of the Congo River to the Cape of Good Hope  Stateless society  Progress made with regional trade  Zimbabwe (sacred house)  Capital known as Great Zimbabwe  Benefited from trade between interior and coast  Evidence of great wealth, but Great Zimbabwe abandoned

African Society  African Society  Urban life  Village Life  Role of women  Slavery

African Culture  Painting and Sculpture  Rock paintings, wood carving, pottery, metalwork  Music and Dance  Often served religious purposes  Wide variety of instruments  Integration of voice and instrument  Music produced for social rituals and educational purposes  Architecture  Pyramid  Stone pillars  Stone buildings  Sometimes reflected Moorish styles  Literature  Written works did not exist in the early traditional period  Professional storytellers, bards  Importance of women in passing down oral traditions

Discussion Questions  How is Axum a “bridge” between East African society and the culture of Southern Arabia?  What is the history of the geography and climate of the Sahara?  How is the Sahara both a barrier and a highway in the development of Sub-Saharan Africa?  How are the East African states and the West African states alike? How are they different?