What 6 key dairy additives should you insist on everyday in every ration? Dr. Mike Hutjens Professor Emeritus University of Illinois Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl. Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech

Six Feed Additives You Want to Use Dr. Mike Hutjens University of Illinois

Defining Feed Additives Feed ingredient added to a ration to function in a non-nutrient role

Reasons For Feed Additives Band aid to cover up poor management Correct a ration imbalance Under 10 cents per cow per day Enhance a productive response Rumen environment Milk yield or components Immunity / health / SCC Reproduction / fertility

U.S. Feed Additive Use (Hoard’s Survey of All Herds) 2006 2010 -------------- % ------------ Buffers 41 42 Yeast/yeast culture 28 30 Rumensin 15 21 Niacin 9 11 Probiotics 11 13 Mycotoxin binders 11 23 Methionine 6 9 Anionic products 3 5 (13) Feed bunk stabilizer 2 3 Don’t use 11 9

Which Feed Additive(s)? Silage inoculants Biotin Organic trace minerals Yeast culture/yeast products Monensin (Rumensin) Rumen Buffers

Hutjens’ List of Feed Additives Recommended Rumen buffers Yeast culture/yeast products Monensin (Rumensin) Silage inoculants Biotin Organic trace minerals

Survey Question Which additive would you select as most important if you could only purchase one? Biotin Ionophore (Rumensin) Organic trace minerals Rumen buffer Yeast and yeast culture

Hutjens’ Priority Rumen impact Silage inoculants Rumensin Yeast and yeast culture Sodium bicarb/S-carb Silage inoculants Organic trace minerals (Zn, Se, Mn, & Cu) Biotin

Hutjens’ “As Needs” List Propylene glycol (300 to 500 ml) Calcium propionate (150 grams) Niacin (3 g protected; 3 g unprotected) Mycotoxin binders (clay mineral or yeast cell MOS compounds) Protected choline (15 g per day) Anionic products / salts (amount varies) Acid-based preservatives (baled hay and high moisture corn (0.5 to 1%)

Additive Update

Evaluating Additives Function Level Cost Benefit to cost Strategy Status

Monensin (Rumensin) Function: Improve feed efficiency for lactating cow, reduce ketosis and displaced abomasums in transition cows, and microbial selection. Increase 2.2 pounds milk per day. Control cocci in calves and heifers. Level: 11 g to 22 g per ton of total ration dry matter consumed (160 to 650 mg / cow / day) Cost: 1 cent per 100 mg per day Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5 to 1 Feeding Strategy: Feed to dry cows (reduce metabolic disorders) and lactating cow (feed efficiency) while monitoring milk components to evaluate optimal levels of monensin. Status: Recommended

Yeast culture and Yeast Function: Stimulate fiber-digesting bacteria, stabilize rumen environment, and utilize lactic acid. Level: 10 to 120 g depending on yeast culture concentration Cost: 4 to 6 cents per cow per day Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1 Feeding Strategy: Two weeks prepartum to ten weeks postpartum, calf starter feeds, and during off-feed conditions and stress periods Status: Recommended

Silage Bacterial Inoculant Function: To stimulate silage fermentation, reduce DM loss, decrease ensiling temp, increase feed digestibility, and improve forage surface stability Level: 100,000 colony forming units (CFU) per gram of wet silage (Lactobacillus plantarium, Lactobacillus acidilacti, Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus cereviseai, Pediococcus pentacoccus, and/or Streptococcus faecium) Cost: $0.60 to $3.00 per treated ton of wet silage Benefit to Cost Ratio: 6:1 Feeding Strategy: Apply to all silages and high moisture corn; and under poor fermentation situations Status: Recommended

Recommended Fermentation Profile for Ensiled Feeds Measurement Legume/grass Corn Silage H.M. Corn Dry matter (%) 35 to 50 30 to 35 70 to 75 pH 4.3 to 4.7 3.8 to 4.2 4.0 to 4.5 Lactic acid (%) 4.0 to 6.0 5.0 to 10.0 1.0 to 2.0 Acetic acid (%) 0.5 to 2.5 1.0 to 3.0 <0.5 Propionic acid (%) <0.25 <0.10 Butyric acid (%) Ethanol (%DM) <1.0 <3.0 <2.0 Ammonia (%CP) <12.0 <8.0 <10.0 Lactic/Acetate >2.5 >3.0 Lactic (% total) >70

Organic Trace Minerals Function: Improve immune response, harden hoof health, fertility, and somatic cell counts. Level: 25 to 33% of Zn, Cu, & Mn and 50 to 100% of supplemented Se levels Cost: 4 to 8 cents per cow per day Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1 Feeding Strategy: Dry, transition, and early lactation cows; herds experiencing hoof, somatic cell counts, and wet environment challenges Status: Recommended

Trace mineral functions Zinc Copper Manganese Reproduction Immunity Skin integrity Growth Hoof health Bone structure Skeletal formation Nutrient metabolism Mineral absorption Energy metabolism

Feed Management Magazine 1996 Bioavailability Feed Management Magazine 1996

Organic Selenium Cleared by FDA on Sept 3, 2003 Source will be yeast raised on high selenium enriched base (selenomethionine) 20-40% improvement in blood selenium levels May overcome low or poor absorption of inorganic selenium (selenite/selenate forms) Added cost will be 1 cent/mg Replace half of the inorganic source reducing costs in half for lactating cows / all for dry cows (add 3 to 4 mg of organic selenium)

Buffers Function: Maintain rumen pH at 6.2, maintain milk fat test, increase milk yield, reduce SARA Level: 200 to 300 g per day Cost: 6 to 9 cents per cow per day Benefit to Cost Ratio: 5:1 Feeding Strategy: Corn silage based rations, component fed herds, high starch diets, and SARA situations Status: Recommended

Biotin Function: Improve hooves by reducing heel warts, claw lesions, white line separations, sand cracks, and sole ulcers; increase milk yield Level: 10 to 20 mg/cow/day for 6 months to 1 year Cost: 8 to 10 cents/cow/day Benefit to Cost Ratio: 4:1 Feeding Strategy: Herds with chronic foot problems, may require supplementation for 6 months before evaluation, and company recommends beginning supplementation at 15 months of age Status: Recommended

UW Trial 1 - Treatments Vitamin (mg/c/d) C B BBVit1x BBVit2x Biotin 20 20 40 Thiamin 150 300 Riboflavin Pyridoxine 120 240 B12 0.5 1.0 Niacin 3000 6000 Pantothenic acid 475 950 Folic acid 100 200

U of WI Trial 1 – Results Item C B BBVit1x BBVit2x SE BW, lb 1456 1461 1452 1459 9 DMI, lb/d 55.0b 56.5a 53.7b 0.9 Milk, lb/d 81.8b 85.6a 84.3ab 82.5b 1.8 a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05).

Hutjens’ “Watch” List Essential oil compounds (0.5 to 1.5 g) Direct fed microbial products (probiotics) Feed enzymes

What’s New With Additives Sodium bicarbonate fed at 0.75% DMI (higher levels as intake increases); consider free-choice (< 50 g/cow/day) Rumen protected niacin may be more effective (85-93 destroyed by rumen microbes) Higher levels of yeast culture may be needed with better responses top dressing the YC. Direct fed microbial DNA finger printing New cellulose enzymes coming

Take Home Messages Six additives can provide economic returns to target herds Rumen additives can stabilize rumen health and environment Organic trace minerals impact health / immunity, hoof health, and reproduction (milk production indirectly) Lameness continues to be an important culling factor.

SQM Polytransport Technology Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl. Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech

Trace minerals Why we need them? What limits their use? What is SQM (Polytransport)? How does it work? When do I need it?

Poll Question When you have used organic trace minerals, where have you seen the biggest response? Immunity Reproduction Hoof Health Milk Production Haven't used organic trace minerals

Trace mineral functions Zinc Copper Manganese Reproduction Immunity Skin integrity Growth Hoof health Bone structure Skeletal formation Nutrient metabolism Mineral absorption Energy metabolism

Mineral status of cross-bred cattle in different ovulation stages. Relative blood serum, % B C A,B,C P<0.01 Das et al., 2009

Bioavailability of mineral sources Zinc Copper Manganese Feedstuffs 5-15% 1-5% <4% Sulfate 20% 5% 1.2% Chloride 10% Carbonate --- 0.15% Oxide 12% 1% 0.25%

Antagonists Minerals Sulfates Fiber/Lignin Oxygen compounds Phosphates Proteins and amino acids Phytate Others

Mineral Interactions Copper – Zinc Zinc – Copper Copper – Sulfur Copper – Molybdenum Copper – Iron Copper – Manganese Copper – Phosphorus Copper – Cadmium Copper – Silver Zinc – Copper Zinc – Sulfur Zinc – Iron Zinc – Calcium Zinc – Phosphorus Zinc – Cadmium Manganese – Copper Manganese – Magnesium Manganese – Iron Manganese – Calcium Manganese – Phosphorus

Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009

Bioaccessibility of iron from soil is increased by silage fermentation S. L. Hansen and J. W. Spears, JDS 2009

Influence of supplemental iron on trace mineral bioavailability. Mineral Liver Kidney Pancreas Average -------------------+Iron/-Iron, %---------------------- Zinc 89.4 98.3 94.7 94.0 Copper 78.3 94.5 71.5 81.4 Manganese 84.2 NA 94.8 89.5 Unpublished data, 2010

Influence of high sulfate water on relative liver trace mineral levels. Year Sulfate Copper Manganese Zinc ppm ------% change from initial status------ 2001 404 104.7A 110.0 88.0 (84 days) 3087 37.5B 125.9 83.2 3947 41.1B 128.4 82.8 2002 441 183.8A 101.1 67.8 (104 days) 1725 43.7B 101.0 65.5 2919 28.1B 100.0 66.3 4654 22.3B 98.0 89.4 A,B P<0.01 Wright and Patterson, 2005

Calculated copper absorption across various dietary sulfur and molybdenum concentrations Dietary Sulfur Dietary Molybdenum Cu absorption Change g/kg mg/kg % % 2.0 1 4.6 4.0 1 3.1 67.4 6.0 1 2.1 45.7 2.5 0.5 4.3 93.5 2.5 1 4.2 91.3 2.5 2 3.9 84.8 2.5 5 3.14 68.3 2.5 10 2.17 47.2 2.5 20 1.0 21.7 2.5 100 0.30 6.5 NRC, 2001

What exactly is SQM™? Organic Trace Mineral Utilizing PolyTransport™ technology Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg Sequestered trace mineral using electrostatic bonding

Polysaccharide chains surround trace mineral ions creating the PolyTransport™ technology Zn

Dynamics in the Rumen Rumen SQM Rumen bacteria Trace mineral Esophagus Amino Acids Oxalates Proteins Esophagus Proteins Phytate Fiber Reticulum Phosphates Oxalates Phosphates Sulfates Proteins Phytate Sulfates Amino Acids Fiber Omasum Phosphates Oxalates Amino Acids Fiber SQM Rumen bacteria Abomasum Trace mineral Intestines

Intestinal trace mineral dynamics

Intestinal trace mineral dynamics

Hypothetical model for transcellular zinc absorption Zip1 Zip2 Zip3 ZnT1 MT = Metallothionine NSB = Nonspecific binding constituents CRIP = Cysteine-rich intestinal protein Adapted from Hempe and Cousins (1992)

Bioavailability Decreased antagonism Increased absorption Decreased trace mineral excretion

Bioavailability of Zn Relative bioavailability, %

Relative zinc bioavailability (Average tissue concentrations from 3 experiments) 152.4% 119.5% 100% 58.3% Case and Carlson, 2002; JAS

Bioavailability of SQM™ (Based on liver mineral content) Preconditioned calves (45 days) Brood cows (45 days) Engle and Burns, 2004

Effect of source and antagonist on mineral bioavailability in broilers a Source effect P<0.01 Sims and Garrett, 2010

Influence of diet, mineral source and an antagonist on net mineral retention in broilers Dietc Source Antagonist Mineral Corn/Soy Purified Inorganic SQM None With SE -----------------------------% of intake------------------------------- Zinc 47.07 49.82 40.79a 56.10b 49.96 46.93 4.15 Copper 19.46 19.79 18.58 20.67 20.58 18.66 1.87 Manganese 37.08 46.14 41.04 42.17 41.70 41.52 2.74 a, b P<0.06 c Diets formulated for 40 ppm Zn, 20 ppm Cu, 40 ppm Mn; Inorganic diet used 100% sulfate source, SQM diet used 100% organic sources; Antagonist = cottonseed hulls. Sims and Garrett, 2010

Reproduction Herd improvement Reduced culling Improved performance

Reproductive performance of cows and heifers Item Control SQM-Mn SQM-Mn,Cu,Zn n 34 29 30 Initial wt, kg 568 537 543 Final wt, kg 552 532 539 d to 1st estrus 734 59 4 68 4 d to conception 33 4a 19 4b 24 4b Services/conception 1.6 1.1 1.3 Pregnant at 1st service, % 45 9c 93 5d 79 8d Conception rate, % 85.3 93.1 93.3 a,b P<0.05 c,d P<0.005 DiCostanzo et al, 1990

BCS by period Burns and Aznarez, 2005 c, d diff. P<0.04 c a, b diff. P<0.04 a b e d c c, d diff. P<0.04 c, e diff. P<0.01 Burns and Aznarez, 2005

SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota B B C A,B,C P<0.05 Jones et al., 2000

SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota B B B A,B P<0.02 Jones et al., 2000

SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota Jones et al., 2000

Immunity Herd improvement Reduced hoof problems Improved performance

SQM™ Comparative Dairy Research University of Minnesota Jones et al., 2000

Effect of zinc source on OVA IgG titers c, d diff. P<0.06 c d a, b diff. P<0.02 a b Salyer et al., 2004; JAS

Effect of pre-conditioning with different mineral sources on IBR titer concentration in newly received calves Engle and Burns, 2004

Effect of zinc source on hoof health b c a, b, c diff. P<0.05 Lower score indicates better hoof quality Kessler et al., 2003; Live. Prod. Sci.

Effect of zinc source on hoof health Before After

Summary: Why use SQM™ with Polytransport Technology™ trace minerals? Better Bioavailability to assure Delivery to the animal for: Best Reproduction Optimum Hoof Quality Immune System Response Superior Health Highest Performance Better Bottom Line

Questions and Answers Dr. Mike Hutjens Professor Emeritus University of Illinois Dr. Jack Garrett ACAN Dipl. Director of Research and Tech Support QualiTech

Thank you!