1. Forage Quality I: Nutritional Quality Lawton Stewart SE Hay Convention March 29, 2011

2. What we want

3. What we DO NOT want

4. Basic Nutrition Six Key Nutrients – Water – Protein – Carbohydrates – Fats – Minerals – Vitamins

5. Nutrient Requirements The amount of nutrient that an animal needs to perform a specific purpose. Determined by: weight, sex, age, growth rate, stage of production.

6. Dry Matter The % of a feed stuff that is not water. Rations will come in as pounds of dry matter (DM) or As Fed (with water). For example: If hay is 88% dry matter then a 1,000 pound bale of hay would be 880 lbs of dry matter. 120 lb water 880 lb hay RULE OF THUMB for Nutrients: DM to AF → multiply by %DM 12% CP x 0.88 = 10.6% AF to DM → divide by %DM 10.6 ÷ 0.88 = 12%

7. Crude Protein Proteins are the building block for animals and are chains of amino acids Crude protein is determined by the amount of Nitrogen (N) in a feed multiplied by 6.25 N is used to determine the amount of protein, because of the N is critical part of the amino acid structure and makes up approximately 16% of the protein structure.

8. Energy Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Common measurements of energy in ration formulation – Gross Energy (GE) – total amount of energy in a feed source – Digestible Energy (DE) – Energy absorbed by the animal after consumption – Metabolizable Energy (ME) – Energy that is available through feed consumption – Net Energy (NE) – Broken into maintenance, growth, lactation, etc. – Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) – A method that calculates energy based all sources of energy.

9. Energy Sources: Starch, fats, proteins and cellulose – Majority of energy in beef cattle rations is the cellulose in forage.

10. Charactering fiber in forages Forage Sample Neutral Detergent Fiber -NDF (Cell Wall) Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Neutral Detergent Solubles (Cell Content) Ash Lipids CP, NPN Acid Detergent Fiber - ADF Cellulose Lignin Acid Detergent Solubles Hemicellulose Associate with dry matter intake ↑ NDF = ↓DMI ↓ NDF = ↑ DMI Associate with digestibility ↑ ADF = ↓Dig ↓ ADF = ↑ Dig

11. Fiber and Nutritive Quality Early maturityLate maturity Cell Content Cell Wall Thin Cell Wall ↓ NDF = ↑ DMI ↓ ADF = ↑ Dig Thick Cell Wall ↑ NDF = ↓DMI ↑ ADF = ↓Dig

12. Developing a Nutritional Program 1.Understand your production system – Fall Calving – Spring Calving – Continuous 2.Understand your forage system – Amount produced – Nutritive value 3.Develop a supplement to meet nutrient requirements

13. Reproductive Efficiency The most important factor affecting profitability Highly dependent on proper nutrition

14. Nutrient Priorities 1.Maintenance 2. Growth (Heifers) 3. Lactation 4. Reproduction

15. Brood Cow Nutrient Requirements

16. Separate Cows Based on Stage of Production 60% TDN 12% CP 48% TDN 7% CP

17. Understand your forage system Typically focus on ability to produce hay – Why? Large source of nutrients during winter Great insurance policy High quality forage??

18. How do you determine Quality? Can we use: Look? Feel? Smell? Vs. YES Vs. ???? Test Your Forages!!!

19. How do you determine Quality? Let the animals tell you: Low quality browse is over grazed 1. Low body condition score 2. Manure piles (hard, dry, and tall)

20. Available Forages Hay produced – Storage – Testing – Inventory L. Stewart, UGA Extension TEST FORAGES!!!! Hay Cutting Production Phase 1.CP 14%Dry Cow TDN 60% 2.CP 10%Late Gestation TDN 55% 3.CP 6%Early Lactation TDN 47%

21. Take home example Hay 1Hay 2 Herd size, # of head 100 Cow size, lb 1200 lb Daily hay intake (2% of BW), lb/hd/d 24 60 d hay intake (peak lactation), tons 72 Total forage cost ($50/1,000 lb roll) $7,200 Forage analysis 12% CP, 58% TDN10% CP, 53% TDN Daily supplement, lb/hd/day 3.59.25 60 d supplement, tons 10.527.75 Total suppl cost $2,520 $ 6,660 -50:50 mix of corn gluten feed and soyhulls ($240/ton)

22. Take Home Message Understand changing nutrient needs throughout production cycle. Know your forages. Test your forage