Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems Lecture Outline Part 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important? 4.6 Integumentary System What are the accessory organs of the skin and why are they important? They include nails, hair, and glands. Nails are derived from the epidermis and offer a protective covering. Hair follicles are derived from the _______, but hair grows from __________ cells. Oil glands are associated with hair and produce _________ that lubricates the hair and skin and retards ______________. Sweat glands are derived from the dermis and help to regulate ______________.

Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function. An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function.

What are the organ systems of the human body? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lymphatic and Immune systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system •protects body. • provides temperature Homeostasis •synthesizes vitamin D. •receives sensory input Organ:Skin. • transport system for nutrients, waste • provides temperature, pH, and fluid homeostasis Organ: Heart • defends against infectious diseases • provides fluid • assists in absorption and transport of fats Organs: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen • ingests, digests, and processes food • absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste • involved in fluid Organs: Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas • exchanges gases at both lungs and tissues • assists in pH Organs: Lungs • excretes metabolic wastes • provides pH and fluids homeostasis Organs: Kidneys, urinary bladder Cardiovascular systems Integumentary Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body.

What are the organ systems of the human body? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the organ systems of the human body? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • assists in movement and posture • produces heat Organs: Muscles • receives, processes, and stores sensory input • provides motor output • coordinates organ systems Organs: Brain, spinal cord • produces hormones. • cordinate organ systems • regulates metabolism and stress responce • involved fluid and pH homeostasis Organs: Testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, pineal gland Reproductive system Endocrine system Nervous system Muscular system Skeletal system • provides support and protection • stores minerals • produces blood cells Organs: Bones • produces and transports gametes • nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females Organs: Testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina Figure 4.13. Organ systems of the body.

What are the body cavities? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What are the body cavities? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity: Contains brain plurae Thoracic cavity: Contains esophagus, heart, and lungs Dorsal cavity pericardium Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord Abdominal cavity: contains digestive and other organs peritoneum Thoracic cavity: contains heart, lungs, and esophagus diaphragm Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs b. Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines Ventral cavity Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs a. Figure 4.14. Body cavities of humans.

What about the body membranes that line the cavities? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? ___________ membranes – line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems __________ membranes – line the lungs, heart, and abdominal cavity and cover the internal organs; named after their location Pleura: lungs Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs Pericardium: heart

What about the body membranes that line the cavities? 4.7 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Membranes What about the body membranes that line the cavities? Synovial membranes – line the cavities of freely movable joints Meninges – cover the _____ and __________

4.8 Homeostasis What is homeostasis? It is the ability to maintain a relatively constant ________ environment in the body. The ________ and _________ systems are key in maintaining homeostasis. Changes from the normal tolerance limits result in illness or even death.

All systems are important in maintaining homeostasis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endocrine System All systems of the body contribute to maintain homeostasis. These systems in particular are especially note worthy. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which also regulate and coordinate the activities of other systems. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Nervous System Respiratory System Regulates and coordinates the activities of all the other systems. It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the blood. Cardiovascular System Urinary System Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells. Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes. Regulates water–salt balance of the blood. Helps regulate the acid–base balance of the blood. Digestive System Lymphatic System Supplies blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible remains. Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it via lymphatic vessels to the cardio vascular veins. Defends against disease. Figure 4.15. Homeostasis by the organ systems of the human body. Muscular System Integumentary System Produces heat that maintains body temperature. Protects and supports internal organs. Helps maintain body temperature and protects internal organs.

What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis? __________ feedback – the output of the system resolves or corrects the original stimulus __________ feedback – brings about an increasing change in the same direction as the original stimulus

Negative feedback The primary mechanism for maintaining ____________ 4.8 Homeostasis Negative feedback The primary mechanism for maintaining ____________ The output of the system __________ the original stimulus Has 2 components sensor control center Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center sends data to control center directs response to stimulus Sensor Effect negative feedback and return to normal stimulus too much Homeostasis too little Figure 4.16. Negative feedback mechanisms.

An example of negative feedback: Body temperature 4.8 Homeostasis An example of negative feedback: Body temperature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center sends data to control center directs response to stimulus 98.6°F set point Sensor Effect Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature stimulus above normal Normal body temperature below normal negative feedback and return to normal stimulus Effect Sensor Blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive; shivering may occur. Control center directs response to stimulus Figure 4.18. Body temperature homeostasis. sends data to control center 98.6°F set point

4.8 Homeostasis Positive feedback A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in _________________ An example is the secretion of oxytocin during birth to continually increase _____________ ____________ Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise