1. Foundation year BIOLOGY-BIOL (101) Organization & Regulation of body systems (Organs & Organs system) Dr. Huda Kassem

2. Points to Think 1.Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems. 2.What are the organ systems of the human body? 3.What is the integumentary system? 4.How can you prevent skin cancer? 5.What is homeostasis and how is it maintained?

3. Moving from tissue to organs &organ systems 1.An organ: is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function. 2.An organ system: is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function. 4.8 Organ systems

4. What are the organ systems of human body? 4.8 Organ systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system protects body. synthesizes vitamin D. ingests food. digests food. absorbs nutrients. eliminates waste. absorbs fats. maintains breathing. Integumentary system receives sensory input. helps control temperature. Cardiovascular system transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes. defends against disease. helps control temperature, fluid, and pH balance. Lymphatic and immune systems helps control fluid balance. defends against infectious disease. exchanges gases at lungs and tissues. helps control pH balance. excretes metabolic wastes. helps control fluid balance. helps control pH balance. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. What are the organ systems of the human body? 4.8 Organ systems supports the body. protects body parts. helps move the body. Muscular systemReproductive systemNervous systemEndocrine systemSkeletal system maintains posture. produces heat. receives sensory input. produces hormones. responds to stress. produces gametes. transports gametes. produces sex hormones. produces blood cells. stores minerals. moves body and internal organs. integrates and stores input. initiates motor output. helps coordinate organ systems. helps coordinate organ systems. helps regulate fluid and pH balance. helps regulate metabolism. nurtures and gives birth to offspring in females. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. Body membranes that line the cavities? A. Mucous membranes: lining of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems. B. Serous membranes : line lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and covers the internal organs; named after their location. i. Pleura: lungs. ii. Peritoneum: abdominal cavity and organs. iii. Pericardium: heart. C. Synovial membranes: lines the cavities of freely movable joints. D. Meanings: cover the brain and spinal cord 4.8 Organ systems

7. What are the body cavities? 4.8 Organ systems diaphragm plurae pericardium peritoneum a. b. Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity: contains heart, lungs, and esophagus Ventral cavity Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs Cranial cavity: contains brain Vertebral cavity: contains spinal cord Pelvic cavity: contains reproductive and other organs Thoracic cavity: contains esophagus, heart, and lungs Abdominal cavity: contains digestive and other organs

8. Integumentary System

9. The integumentary system 1.Includes the skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails and glands. 2.The skin has two main regions called the epidermis and the dermis. 3.Under the skin there is a subcutaneous layer between the dermis and internal structures where fat is stored. 4.Is important for maintaining homeostasis. 4.7 Integumentary system

10. What are the functions of the integumentary system 1.Protects the body from physical trauma, invasion by pathogens and water loss. 2.Helps regulate body temperature. 3.Allows us to be aware of our surroundings through sensory receptors. 4.Synthesizes chemicals such as melanin and vitamin D. 4.7 Integumentary system

11. There are two regions of the skin 1.Epidermis 2.Dermis 4.7 Integumentary system Dermis Epidermis Subcutaneous layer nerve artery vein adipose tissue sensory receptor hair root sweat gland arrector pili muscle oil gland free nerve endings hair shaft hair follicle stem cells capillaries sweat pore

12. The epidermis: A.The thin, outermost layer of the skin. B.Made of epithelial tissue. C.Cells in the uppermost cells are dead and become filled with keratin thus acting as a waterproof barrier. Langerhans cells are a type of white blood cell that help fight pathogens. Melanocytes produc e melanin that lend to skin color and protection for UV light. Some cells convert cholesterol to vitamin D. 4.7 Integumentary system

13. The dermis: 1.The thick, inner layer of the skin. 2.Made of dense fibrous connective tissue. 3.Contains elastic and collagen fibers. 1.Contains blood vessels, many sensory receptors and glands. 4.7 Integumentary system

14. Accessory organs of the skin and why are they important? Includes nails, hair and glands:- i.Nails: are derived from the epidermis that offer a protective covering. ii.Hair follicles: are derived from the dermis but hair grows from epidermal cells. iii.Oil glands: are associated with hair and produce sebum that lubricates hair and skin as well as retards bacterial growth. iv.Sweat glands: are derived from the dermis and helps to regulate body temperature 4.7 Integumentary system

15. What you need to know about skin cancer? 2 of the 3 types that arise in the epidermis: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common yet least deadly form of skin cancer Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer but is the least common What can you do to help prevent this? Stay out of the sun between 10am-3pm. Wear protective clothing (tight weave, treated sunglasses, wide-brimmed hat). Use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 and protects from UV-A and UV-B rays. Don’t use tanning beds. 4.7 Integumentary system

16. What might skin cancer look like? 4.7 Integumentary system Dermis Epidermis a. Light micrograph of skinc. Melanoma flattened and dead cells cells undergoing keratinization stem cells and melanoytes dermal projection b. Basal cell carcinoma

17. What is homeostasis? 1.The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body. 2.The nervous and endocrine systems are key in maintaining homeostasis. 3.Changes from the normal tolerance limits results in illness or even death. 4.9 Homeostasis

18. Systems importance in maintaining homeostasis 4.9 Homeostasis Nervous System Endocrine System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes. Regulates water-salt balance of the blood. Helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood. Urinary System Digestive System Muscular SystemIntegumentary System All systems of the body contribute to maintain homeostasis. These systems in particular are especially noteworthy. Regulates and coordinates the activities of all the other systems. It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells. Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Supplies blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible remains. Produces heat that maintains body temperature. Protects and supports internal organs. Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which also regulate and coordinate the activities of other systems. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood. Lymphatic System Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it via lymphatic vessels to the cardiovascular veins. Defends against disease. Helps maintain body temperature and protects internal organs.

19. What are the mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis? 1.Positive feedback 2.Negative feedback 4.9 Homeostasis

20. 1. Positive feedback 1.A mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in one direction. 2.An example is the secretion of oxytocin during birth to continually increase uterine contractions. 3.Can be harmful such as when a fever is too high and continues to rise. 4.9 Homeostasis

21. 2. Negative feedback a.The primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis b.Has two components: 1. Sensor 2. Control center c.The output of the system dampens the original stimulus 4.9 Homeostasis Control center sends data to control center directs response to stimulus stimulus Sensor Effect Homeostasis too little too much negative feedback and return to normal

22. Example of negative feedback: body temperature 4.9 Homeostasis Control center Sensor Effect 98.6  F set point Effect stimulus Normal body temperature above normal below normal sends data to control center 98.6  F set point directs response to stimulus Blood vessels dilate; sweat glands secrete. negative feedback and return to normal temperature sends data to control center negative feedback and return to normal Blood vessels constrict; sweat glands are inactive; shivering may occur. directs response to stimulus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.