1. List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc. 2. List an example of a reflex. 3. What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction?

1. Cerebral Hemispheres 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum

 L & R hemispheres  Corpus callosum: large fiber tract; connects 2 hemispheres  Lobes: major regions (named for cranial bones)  Parietalfrontaloccipitaltemporal  Parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal  Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissue  Sulci (sulcus) = shallow grooves  Fissures = deeper grooves, separate large regions of brain  Motor & sensory function: opposite hemispheres

 Grey matter  “Executive suite”  conscious mind

3 main structures: 1. Thalamus: relay station for incoming info 2. Hypothalamus: A.Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion) B.Emotional response (limbic system) C.Body temperature regulation D.Regulate food intake E.Sleep-wake cycles F.Control endocrine system  pituitary gland at base 3. Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)

 Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival  3 regions: 1. Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex 2. Pons: breathing 3. Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

 Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal muscle activity

 Meninges: connective tissue covering CNS structures  Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid mater (web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain)  Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or viral infection  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect NS from trauma  Lumbar (spinal) tap – test for infection, tumors, multiple sclerosis

 Bacterial  antibiotics  Herpes meningitis  antiviral meds  IV fluids  Prevention: vaccines for bacterial infections (HiB)

NO:  Urea  Toxins  Proteins  White blood cells  Bacteria  Most drugs YES:  Water  Glucose  Amino acids  Gases  Fat-soluble substances  Some drugs: anesthetics, alcohol, nicotine